The ubiquity of artificial intelligence systems in modern organizations all but guarantees that regulators or the parties they oversee will make use of learning algorithms or novel techniques to analyze data in the process of defining, implementing, or complying with regulatory requirements.

In democracies, conflicts about AI regulation will transcend technical disagreements; they will also provoke value-laden disagreements about how society regulates values and practices that may initially seem to implicate “private” decisions about speech or association that obviously shape what people value.