Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Incidents involving Iran have been among the most sophisticated, costly, and consequential attacks in the history of the internet.
Efforts to promote international norms for cyberspace are more likely to succeed if their advocates clearly grasp and convey to other actors how norms tend to function in different global contexts.
Understanding Cyber Conflict draws lessons from past technological disruptions to inform and shape responses to today’s cyber challenges.
Identifying the legal norms that apply in cyberspace remains highly challenging.
Identifying legal norms that apply in cyberspace remains challenging. The collapse of the 5th UN Group of Governmental Experts shows the difficulty states have in agreeing on principles such as the right of self-defense in cyberspace and international humanitarian law during armed conflict.
Faced with limited capacity and resources, governments need to develop a complementary, legitimate space for private sector active cyber defense.
With the recent allegations about Russia’s military intelligence targeting U.S. voting software suppliers, more and more details are becoming available about what looks like a comprehensive, multifaceted operation targeting U.S. elections in 2016.
International humanitarian law applies only to international and non-international armed conflicts. Most offensive cyber operations to date have not taken place during an armed conflict.
Cyberattacks to manipulate the integrity of financial data pose a distinct set of systemic risks.
Governments can help reduce the risk to financial stability by explicitly committing their countries to refraining from using offensive cyber tools that could undermine financial stability.