Political Violence Researchers, Rachel Kleinfeld, ed., Dalya Berkowitz, ed.
Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad: Next Generation Reform
A growing movement of second-generation reformers view the rule of law not as a collection of institutions and laws that can be built by outsiders, but as a relationship between the state and society that must be shaped by those inside the country.
Source: Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012

In Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad, Rachel Kleinfeld describes the history and current state of reform efforts and the growing movement of second-generation reformers who view the rule of law not as a collection of institutions and laws that can be built by outsiders, but as a relationship between the state and society that must be shaped by those inside the country. Based on research in countries from Indonesia to Albania, Kleinfeld makes a compelling case for new methods of reform that can have greater chances of success at helping these internal reformers and improving the rule of law.
Advance Praise
“Rachel Kleinfeld not only assesses past efforts to support the rule of law abroad, but offers innovative approaches for future assistance. The work of scholars and practitioners alike will benefit measurably from her insights.”
—Kenneth Wollack, President, National Democratic Institute
“While policymakers increasingly recognize the risks to U.S. national security when the rule of law breaks down abroad, there is far less consensus on what to do about it. Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad tackles this question head-on with timely and powerful insight. Full of careful analysis and accessible prose, Kleinfeld brings conceptual clarity to an emerging field.”
—Jeremy Weinstein, Stanford University, Former Director for Development and Democracy, National Security Council
“This book is impressive, thoughtful, and full of practical wisdom. Kleinfeld analyzes many of the challenges we faced in helping civilian rule-of-law development experts in Iraq and Afghanistan. This should be on the reading list of anyone preparing to perform rule-of-law work in a post-conflict setting.”
—Brigadier General Mark Martins, U.S. Army
Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad was named by Foreign Affairs as one of the best books of 2012 on political and legal topics. “Kleinfeld brings together a good grasp of the scholarship on law and society with the sensibilities and hard-earned experience of a field practitioner. The result is essential reading for the foreign policy community.”
—G. John Ikenberry, Foreign Affairs
About the Author
Senior Fellow, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program
Rachel Kleinfeld is a senior fellow in Carnegie’s Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, where she focuses on issues of rule of law, security, and governance in democracies experiencing polarization, violence, and other governance problems.
- Political Violence in the U.S.Other
- Civil Society Repression Internationally and Historically Within the United StatesTestimony
Rachel Kleinfeld
Recent Work
Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.
More Work from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- European Sycophancy Worked on TrumpCommentary
Nearly a year and a half after Europeans leaned into sucking up to Trump, the strategy has produced some benefits when it comes to Ukraine.
Rym Momtaz
- How NATO Became Anchored in the Black SeaCommentary
As Russia's war on Ukraine drags on, NATO is expanding its footprint in the Black Sea. Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria are upgrading their fleets and deepening trilateral cooperation.
Dimitar Bechev
- Parliamentary Elections in Occupied Ukraine Risk Backfiring for the KremlinCommentary
Despite unhappiness on the ground, Moscow is determined to use both carrot and stick to ensure there is record support for United Russia in occupied Ukraine.
Konstantin Skorkin
- Egypt’s Military Landlord Economy and its LimitationsPaper
The armed forces champion a form of capitalism that is generating revenue, but its reliance on rent faces diminishing returns, leaving the country with massive sunk costs and deferred returns, deepening dependency on external borrowing.
Yezid Sayigh
- The Le Pen Verdict: How French Politics Turned MAGACommentary
Far-right leader Marine Le Pen can—and will—run in France’s next presidential election. What does the outcome of her appeal against a 2025 embezzlement conviction mean for the country’s political future?
Catherine Fieschi