- +4
Ms. Sandra Polaski, Joaquim Bento de Souza Ferreir, Janine Berg, …
Trade and Labor Standards: A Strategy for Developing Countries
Conventional wisdom holds that integrating labor and social issues into international trade regimes will be one of the very hardest trade policy challenges to resolve. Recent developments present a new strategic opportunity for developing countries to link trade with domestic policies that promote poverty alleviation, more equitable income distribution, and better working conditions.
Source: Carnegie

Full Text in English (PDF)
Full Text in Spanish (PDF)
Full Text in Mandarin (PDF)
About the Author
Sandra Polaski is senior associate in the Trade, Equity, and Development Project at the Carnegie Endowment. She served from 1999–2002 as the Special Representative for International Labor Affairs at the U.S. Department of State, the senior official handling labor matters in U.S. foreign policy.
About the Author
Former Senior Associate, Director, Trade, Equity and Development Program
Until April 2002, Polaski served as the U.S. Secretary of State’s Special Representative for International Labor Affairs, the senior State Department official dealing with such matters.
- Brazil in the Global Economy: Measuring the Gains From TradeReport
- One Cheer for Global Trade TalksArticle
Ms. Sandra Polaski
Recent Work
More Work from Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center
- Unpacking Lebanon’s Gap LawCommentary
In an interview, Ishac Diwan looks at the merits and flaws in the draft legislation distributing losses from the financial collapse.
Michael Young
- Has Sisi Found a Competent Military Entrepreneur?Commentary
Mustaqbal Misr has expanded its portfolio with remarkable speed, but a lack of transparency remains.
Yezid Sayigh
- Arab Diaspora Business Communities in EgyptResearch
Arab diaspora business communities in Egypt often mirror the same systemic challenges facing Egyptian businesses.
- +4
Nur Arafeh, Yezid Sayigh, Qaboul al-Absi, …
- Saudi Arabia in Africa: Sound Economic and Geopolitical Strategy, or Resource Exploitation?Article
Largely characterized thus far by a single-minded focus on extractivism, Riyadh must commit to greater equitability in its approach to investment and development deals with Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea.
Hesham Alghannam
- Destruction, Disempowerment, and Dispossession: Disaster Capitalism and the Postwar Plans for GazaArticle
Once Israel’s war in the territory is brought to an end, the foundational principles guiding reconstruction should be Palestinian self-determination, local agency, and sovereignty.
Nur Arafeh, Mandy Turner