The Houthis are strengthening their regional ties, notably with the Popular Mobilization Forces, who offer them political, economic, military, and geopolitical benefits, as well as means of pressure against the Gulf states.

Climate change is challenging North Africa, particularly with water scarcity. Border towns between Morocco and Algeria face existential questions about their viability unless something changes soon.

Competition between Riyadh and Abu Dhabi over influence in the Yemeni governorate could lead to conflict between the two sides or their proxies, which risks provoking dangerous fragmentation.