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Source: Getty

Commentary

Closing the Book on Russian Liberals

In order to keep the ranks closed and to sustain the Stockholm syndrome of the fortress’s defenders there must be constant discoveries of “a fifth column” and “national traitors.” That’s the only sense in which Russian authorities need liberals.

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By Andrei Kolesnikov
Published on Apr 24, 2015

Nearly three years after President Vladimir Putin’s return to the country’s top post, and a year after the annexation of Crimea , Russian authorities seem to have solved their liberal problem once and for all. Up until relatively recently, liberals were useful for a number of reasons: to imitate democracy and political process; to help let off steam; to retain, as strange as it may sound, some element of feedback.

But after the new low in relations with the West—unprecedented in probably the past 30 years—there is no need to imitate anything, including the existence of liberal parties, like Mikhail Prokhorov’s Civic Platform, which was recently abandoned by its founder. There is no need to pretend that whistleblower Alexei Navalny can exist as a legitimate political player; it’s enough to block his activity almost completely, besetting him for good measure with a criminal sentence. There is no need to be embarrassed about anything: On the contrary, the prosecution of the Bolotnaya demonstrators will always remind those who favor street protests what consequences could lie in store for them. And if the West has anything to say, the reply will come from Russian television—“senseless and merciless,” to borrow a quote from Pushkin. With the ranks now closed so tightly around a single person, the techniques for letting off steam have changed too: Say, the commuter trains have stopped running; out comes the nation’s leader with the words “Have you lost your minds?” and the trains start rolling again. Magic tricks at the request of the laboring masses. Superhero to the rescue.

If liberals are insignificant, why then is all the current propaganda built on anti-liberalism? Because where there’s a siege mentality, there has to be an enemy attacking the fortress. And he’s not just at the gates, but within the walls as well. In order to keep the ranks closed and to sustain the Stockholm syndrome of the fortress’s defenders (who also happen to be its hostages) there must be constant discoveries of “a fifth column” and “national traitors.” That’s the only sense in which the authorities need liberals. Well, also, there are some liberals fulfilling the important function of cleaning up messes after difficult political and geopolitical decisions; those are the liberals in the federal ministries and agencies. That’s exactly why the only “freedom of speech” allowed in the otherwise fully controlled media landscape is criticism of the Cabinet.

Naturally, this situation will change. One reason is the need, in the medium term (or maybe the long term), for a genuinely liberal economic policy, not just, in the words of one insider, “a redistribution of the money that [civic activist and former Finance Minister Alexei] Kudrin socked away for them” in the Reserve Fund. A second reason is Russia’s inevitable pattern of alternating reforms and counter-reforms. This was equally inevitable 30 years ago when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power after the death of Konstantin Chernenko, when nobody—not the administrative core of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, not the regional party heads, not ordinary Soviet citizens—would have been able to bear another gerontocrat at the helm. Any contest has its limits, though, whether it be an arms race, a competition to see who can bury the most general secretaries the fastest, or a throwdown of “patriotic” foolishness. In line with this historical logic, here’s a hypothesis to consider: After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev emerged victorious from the internal battle for power among him, Georgy Malenkov and Lavrentiy Beria. With all due respect to Khrushchev’s achievements, it’s plausible that, had Malenkov come out on top, the kudos for de-Stalinization would have gone to him, and even Beria, had he been the winner, might have traded in his status as bloodthirsty executioner for a reformer’s mantle. That’s how the laws of history are: ironclad, not liberal.

This publication originally appeared in Russian in Vedomosti.

About the Author

Andrei Kolesnikov

Former Senior Fellow, Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center

Kolesnikov was a senior fellow at the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center.

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Carnegie India does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.

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