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  "authors": [
    "Daniel Brumberg"
  ],
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  "centers": [
    "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"
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  "programAffiliation": "DCG",
  "programs": [
    "Democracy, Conflict, and Governance"
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  "regions": [
    "Middle East",
    "Iran",
    "Afghanistan"
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  "topics": [
    "Security",
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}
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End of a Brief Affair? The United States and Iran

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By Mr. Daniel Brumberg
Published on Mar 1, 2002

Source: Carnegie

After the September 11 attacks, relations between the United States and Iran looked more and more hopeful. The two countries' common goal of eliminating Afghanistan's Taliban seemed to be an opportunity to build on progress seen since the election of Iranian reformists. However, President Bush's inclusion of Iran in an "axis of evil" now calls into question the likelihood of a true rapprochement. Moreover, Iranian hard-liners' growing opposition to any reconciliation with Washington, ongoing development of nuclear technology, meddling in post-Taliban Afghanistan, and relentless support for Palestinian terrorists all are stumbling blocks to improved relations. Some security issues call for the threat of sticks, but the United States must also seek to engage Iran by offering it carrots-cooperation in Afghanistan and an end to economic sanctions, in return for a commitment by Iran's leaders to cease support for terrorism and back a two-state solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

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About the Author
Daniel Brumberg
is associate professor of government at Georgetown University and a visiting scholar with the Democracy and Rule of Law Project at the Carnegie Endowment. Mr. Brumberg is the author of many publications on political and social change in the Middle East, including Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (University of Chicago Press, 2001).

About the Author

Mr. Daniel Brumberg

Former Senior Associate

    Recent Work

  • Paper
    Liberalization Versus Democracy: Understanding Arab Political Reform

      Mr. Daniel Brumberg

  • Other
    Democratic Mirage in the Middle East
      • +1

      Thomas Carothers, Marina Ottaway, Ms. Amy Hawthorne, …

Mr. Daniel Brumberg
Former Senior Associate
Daniel Brumberg
SecurityForeign PolicyMiddle EastIranAfghanistan

Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.

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