Instead, Saudi policy appeared to be proceeding in fits and starts, following multiple trajectories through a web of local intermediaries based in Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan. Like a gambler hedging her bets, the Saudis have so-far placed most of their chips in the U.S. corner but have also spread their options as a form of liability control. The apparent Saudi role in backing the creation of the Jaysh Islam is but one example of this trend: the umbrella gathering of local Salafi groups is intended as bulwark against the growth of the al-Qaeda affiliated Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS ) and Jabhat al-Nusra, but it also siphons off support from Washington’s preferred clients in the Higher Military Council. At the same time, Saudi Arabia appears to be seeking a “Sisi” option in Syria: an authoritarian, Sunni-led military state in which the former regime’s security apparatus is preserved but without Assad and his Alawite core. In the wake of Bandar’s announcement, we can probably expect more of this diversification, which may have the effect of further fracturing the Syrian opposition.

It is also important to note that the Kingdom may not be acting as a completely rational, coherent actor on foreign policy toward Syria—or other regional portfolios for that matter. Intra-royal competition and princely one- upmanship can produce uneven policies and radical shifts. In addition, Saudi clerics, ranging from the enormously popular Sahwa cleric Salman al-Awda to more hardline clerics like Muhammad al-Arife and the notorious takfiri figure Nasir al-Umar, have put pressure on the al-Saud to intervene in Syria; Saudi engagement in the country may be calculated in part to assuage the concerns of conservative clerics who have already challenged Abdallah’s reform initiatives at home, particularly on women’s rights. Although the Saudi regime has cracked down on non-official charities and clerical donations, volunteers and money are still flowing in, often circuitously through Kuwait.

Indeed, it is on the domestic front and the domestic spillover from Syria where the greatest clash with U.S. interests may occur. The domestic blowback from Saudi Arabia’s Syria policy—and policies of the broader Arab Gulf —is often neglected. The Syria war has become a useful distraction against more pressing demands for internal reform. Clerical figures in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Kuwait, often lacking in formal pedigrees, have raised their profile and rallied constituents by exploiting the Syria war’s sectarian dimension. Reform activists, particularly Shi’a activists in Bahrain and Eastern Saudi Arabia, report increasing tensions with Sunnis as a result of the Syria war’s echo effect and, in some cases, deliberate government policies to incite sectarian vitriol.