Fatah and the mainstream PLO factions sought, as did perhaps most Syrian Palestinians, to keep out of the conflict. Islamists generally went along with their Sunni Muslim brethren in the Syrian uprising and even Hamas was soon forced to readjust its pro-Assad position, after being caught in a breakdown of relations between its main sponsors (Qatar, Turkey vs. Syria, Iran).

From summer 2012 onwards, the war reached the Palestinian refugee camps. Most symbolically, the large Yarmouk Camp in southern Damascus was engulfed in fighting, with the vast majority of civilian residents forced to flee their homes. Some have since returned to the ruins of Yarmouk, but most remain scattered across the capital, often in miserable conditions. Further tens of thousands have gone into a painful second exile, fleeing across the borders into Jordan or Lebanon, despite the harsh discrimination against incoming Palestinian refugees that is practiced by both countries.

Reliable Cronies: the PFLP-GC

Throughout this sad story, a minority of factions from within the Syrian-Palestinian community have stayed at Assad’s side, even fighting for the government. Some are so small as to be nearly irrelevant—including al-Saiqa, Farhan Abul-Heija’s Palestinian wing of the Baath Party, and Fath al-Intifada, a small Syrian-backed Fatah splinter now led by one Abu Hazem—but one larger group stands out for its unflinching commitment to the Assad regime.

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, or PFLP-GC, is led by a septuagenarian former captain in the Syrian army, Ahmed Jibril. Ever since its creation in the 1960s, as a splinter from the larger, Marxist-Leninist PFLP, it has loyally served Syrian intelligence. Aided by Assad’s army, the PFLP-GC retained a considerable presence in the refugee camps of Syria and Lebanon after the 1993 Oslo Agreement, even as it dwindled into insignificance in all other parts of Palestine and its diaspora.

In 2011, Ahmed Jibril took the lead in suppressing Palestinian dissent, organizing pro-government militias where PFLP-GC members acted as “the hard core of a Palestinian cocktail.” When major fighting began in the camps in late 2012, the group was badly mauled by rebel attacks and several members split from Jibril’s leadership, but he himself would not budge. Today, the weakened PFLP-GC remains just as fervently pro-Assad as before, even vowing to launch counter-attacks if the United States would dare attack Syria. Whether it has the capacity to do so is another matter.

Limited Popular Support

On the whole, however, the remarkable thing is not how many Palestinians are fighting for Assad, but how few have been willing to do so. Despite half a century of investment in Palestinian politics, the Baath could not count on the refugees to line up behind it when trouble began.

Between the extremes of fanatic regime supporters and its equally militant opponents, much of the Syrian-Palestinian mainstream seems to have turned away from Assad in disgust, as soon as his control over their lives was weakened. After all, no government except Israel’s has killed as many Palestinians as the Assad regime, infamous for its part in atrocities such as the 1976 Tell al-Zaatar massacre in Lebanon. And with missiles and mortars now pounding anti-Assad rebels in the refugee camps of Syria, the number just keeps rising.