Reverberations of Multiple Crises: What to Expect in 2023

Wed. December 7th, 2022
Live on Facebook and Youtube

On December 7 and 8, 2022, the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center is hosting its sixth annual conference, titled “Reverberations of Multiple Crises: What to Expect in 2023.” The conference will consist of ten discussions that will be available online, and that will focus on the most significant and challenging global issues for the upcoming year. The topics of discussions will cover current developments as they relate to the global economy; the interrelated nature of climate change, conflict, and food security; populist trends around the world and the rise of authoritarianism; the effects of increased competition among global superpowers in space; the shifting power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific region; and the dynamics among Middle East regional players, including their alliances, proxy wars, and regional tensions.

As in previous iterations, this annual conference will bring together scholars from Carnegie centers around the world—Beirut, Brussels, Beijing, New Delhi, and Washington—as well as external experts, to discuss the current state of global affairs and weigh in on what they perceive will be the main salient issues to follow in the year to come.

The event will be broadcast live, in English, on our Facebook and YouTube channels.

Special thanks to KAS for their support.

Wed. December 7th, 2022 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM EST

Crises All Around: How Does Carnegie Explain the World?

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 12:30 PM to 01:30 PM EET for this fireside chat with Tino Cuéllar, Marwan Muasher, and Maha Yahya.

Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar has been president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace since November 2021. Cuéllar is a former justice of the Supreme Court of California and a former public servant. He has broad experience in international and domestic policy, the justice system, education, and philanthropy. He served two U.S. presidents in a variety of roles in the federal government, including as Special Assistant to the President for Justice and Regulatory Policy during the Obama administration.

In this fireside chat, Marwan Muasher, the Carnegie Endowment’s Vice-President for Studies, and Maha Yahya, the Director of the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, will discuss the key global challenges that Cuéllar anticipates for 2023, including the continued consequences of the war in Ukraine, the future of democracy around the world, climate change, advances in technology, and other research areas on which Carnegie scholars are focusing.

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 12:30 PM to 01:30 PM EET for this fireside chat with Tino Cuéllar, Marwan Muasher, and Maha Yahya.The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook.

For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Marwan Muasher

Vice President for Studies

Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar

President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Maha Yahya

Director, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Wed. December 7th, 2022 2:30 PM - 3:45 PM EST

The Global Economic Outlook: Return to an Age of Austerity?

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 02:30 PM to 03:45 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Jihad Azour, Rosa Balfour, Yukon Huang, and Kumiko Okazaki chaired by Nur Arafeh.

In 2022, an already fragile global economy has teetered after multiple shocks, including higher-than-expected global inflation, a slowdown in 2 China due to, among other factors, Covid–19 outbreaks and lockdowns, and the detrimental effects of the conflict in Ukraine.
This panel aims to provide a global economic outlook for 2023 and beyond, and will address questions relating to global inflation, the consequences of the war in Ukraine, austerity policies, a growing debt crisis in the Middle East, and the future of global energy.

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 02:30 PM to 03:45 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Jihad Azour, Rosa Balfour, Yukon Huang, and Kumiko Okazaki chaired by Nur Arafeh.

The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook. For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Jihad Azour

IMF

Nur Arafeh

Fellow, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Rosa Balfour

Director, Carnegie Europe

Yukon Huang

Senior Fellow, Asia Program

Kumiko Okazaki

Wed. December 7th, 2022 4:00 PM - 5:15 PM EST

Can Democracy Survive Populism?

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 04:00 PM to 05:15 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Rachel Kleinfeld, Hamza Meddeb, Moisés Naím, Oliver Stuenkel chaired by Frances Z. Brown.

Around the world, democracy is in crisis due to a global trend of populism that seeks to undermine formal institutions. Amid widening inequality and a growing distrust in the political establishment, populist leaders are winning elections across the globe, and threatening even the most established democracies.

The panel aims to examine the populist trends around the world, including in Europe, North America, Latin America as well as the Middle East and North Africa. It will tackle the question of the rise of authoritarianism as well as the politics of austerity as they relate to political instability.

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 04:00 PM to 05:15 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Rachel Kleinfeld, Hamza Meddeb, Moisés Naím, Oliver Stuenkel chaired by Frances Z. Brown.

The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook. For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Rachel Kleinfeld

Senior Fellow, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program

Frances Z. Brown

Vice President for Studies, Co-Director, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program

Hamza Meddeb

Fellow, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Moisés Naím

Distinguished Fellow

Oliver Stuenkel

Visiting Scholar, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program

Wed. December 7th, 2022 5:30 PM - 6:00 PM EST

Still Relevant? What is the Value of the Multilateral Force and Observers?

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 05:30 PM to 06:00 PM EET for this fireside chat with Elizabeth Dibble and Amr Hamzawy.

Elizabeth L. Dibble is, since August 2022, the Director General of the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO). Headquartered in Rome, the MFO is an international peacekeeping organization, created by agreement between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel.

Formerly Carnegie’s chief operating officer, Dibble worked closely with the president to oversee and manage all aspects of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In addition to directly overseeing the finance and human resources and administration departments, Dibble assisted the president in managing Carnegie’s relationship with its board of trustees.

Dibble was named one of 100 top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine in 2011 and was awarded a Presidential Meritorious Service Award in 2009. She has a BS from Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and studied at the Pontificia Universidade Catolica in Campinas, Brazil.

In a fireside chat, Amr Hamzawy, director of the Carnegie Middle East Program and a Carnegie senior fellow, will discuss, with Dibble, the history and significance of the peacekeeping mission on the Egyptian-Israeli border. Their conversation will cover the interaction between the mission and the local environment in Egypt, the role of the United States in facilitating the peacekeeping mission, and the legacy of both Republican and Democratic administrations supporting it, as well as other lessons learned from the region.

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 05:30 to 06:00 PM EET for this fireside chat with Elizabeth Dibble and Amr Hamzawy. The discussion will be held in English and live-streamed on YouTube and Facebook.

For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Amr Hamzawy

Director, Middle East Program

Elizabeth Dibble

Chief Operating Officer

Wed. December 7th, 2022 6:00 PM - 7:00 PM EST

Climate Change, Food Security, and Conflict

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 06:00 PM to 07:00 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Marwa Daoudy, Justin Dargin, Olivia Lazard chaired by Anne Barnard.

Increased climate variability and the ongoing crises around the world has left a drastic impact on the stability of food supply, access, and consumption. As a result, millions of people are at risk of being driven into starvation as the situation aggravates.

This panel will examine the interrelated nexus of climate change, conflict and food security. Climate change is exceedingly seen as both a trigger both for conflict and food insecurity, given the impact on agriculture. How will climate change impact the already fragile MENA region, and what are the policy remedies to avoid another wave of climate migrants?

Join us on Wednesday, December 7 from 06:00 PM to 07:00 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Justin Dargin, Olivia Lazard, Marwa Daoudy chaired by Anne Barnard.

The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook. For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Marwa Daoudy

Nonresident Scholar, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Anne Barnard

Justin Dargin

Nonresident Scholar Middle East Program

Olivia Lazard

Fellow, Carnegie Europe

Thu. December 8th, 2022 12:00 PM - 12:30 PM EST

A Middle East in the Maelstrom: Instability and Paths to Reform

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 12:00 PM to 12:30 PM EET for this fireside chat with Marwan Muasher and Maha Yahya.

Marwan Muasher is Vice President for Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where he oversees research in Washington and Beirut on the Middle East. Muasher served as foreign minister (2002–2004) and deputy prime minister (2004–2005) of Jordan, and his career has spanned the areas of diplomacy, development, civil society, and communications.

In this fireside chat, Maha Yahya, the Director of the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, will discuss with Muasher the latest research produced by the Middle East Program, the consequences of the war in Ukraine on the Middle East and North Africa, education reform in the Middle East, developments in Palestine, Israel and Jordan, as well as the prospects for further instability in the region.

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 12:00 PM to 12:30 PM EET for this fireside chat with Marwan Muasher and Maha Yahya. The discussion will be held in English and live-streamed on YouTube and Facebook.

For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org

Maha Yahya

Director, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Marwan Muasher

Vice President for Studies

Thu. December 8th, 2022 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM EST

Space, the Next Frontier or Front?

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 12:30 PM to 01:30 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Almudena Azcárate Ortega, Robin Dickey, Ankit Panda chaired by Benjamin Silverstein.

As more nations expand and improve their space programs, interest in the unique characteristics of space as a field of civil and military activities grows. For the international community, which seeks to ensure that such programs are used to pursue peaceful goals, this is becoming a major cause of concern. Since the “Space Race” of the 1950s and 1960s, the goal of space exploration has gained new force.

The panel seeks to examine the effects of increased competition among global superpowers in space, the emergence of private initiatives seeking to expand into this domain, and the problems and solutions that may arise as the field of space exploration continues to develop.

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 12:30 PM to 01:30 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Almudena Azcárate Ortega, Robin Dickey, Ankit Panda chaired by Benjamin Silverstein.

The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook. For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Robin Dickey

Almudena Azcárate Ortega

Ankit Panda

Stanton Senior Fellow, Nuclear Policy Program

Benjamin Silverstein

Research Analyst, Space Project

Thu. December 8th, 2022 2:30 PM - 3:45 PM EST

The New Pivot: Shifting Power Dynamics in the Indo-Pacific

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 02:30 PM to 03:45 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Evan Feigenbaum, Sana Hashmi, Yuki Tatsumi chaired by Darshana Baruah.

Since the end of the Cold War, the Indo-Pacific region has become one of the most dynamic geopolitical regions in the world. Escalating maritime disputes in the Indo-Pacific are increasing concerns about economic, military, and political trends. China has sought to gain influence over smaller islands and states, leading to Cold War-like tensions with the United States.

The panel aims to examine all these themes as well as the repercussions of the Ukraine conflict on China’s perception of its role in the region, and its policy toward Taiwan. How do India and U.S. allies such as Japan view the ongoing tensions and their trajectory, and what regional framework is required in order to decrease the tensions?

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 02:30 PM to 03:45 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Evan Feigenbaum, Sana Hashmi, Yuki Tatsumi chaired by Darshana Baruah.

The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook. For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Evan A. Feigenbaum

Vice President for Studies, Acting Director, Carnegie China

Darshana M. Baruah

Nonresident Scholar, South Asia Program

Sana Hashmi

Yuki Tatsumi

Thu. December 8th, 2022 4:00 PM - 4:30 PM EST

Russia Empowered or Disempowered? Discovering the Real Victors in Ukraine

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 04:00 PM to 04:30 PM EET for this fireside chat with Alexander Gabuev and Maha Yahya.

Alexander Gabuev is a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. His research is focused on Russia’s policy toward East and Southeast Asia, political and ideological trends in China, and China’s relations with its neighbors, especially in Central Asia.

Prior to joining Carnegie, Gabuev was a member of the editorial board of Kommersant publishing house and served as deputy editor in chief of Kommersant-Vlast, one of Russia’s most influential newsweeklies. Gabuev started his career at Kommersant in 2007, working as a senior diplomatic reporter, as a member of then president Dmitry Medvedev’s press corps, and as deputy foreign editor. His reporting covered Russia’s relations with Asian powers and the connection between Russian business interests and foreign policy.

In this fireside chat with Gabuev, Maha Yahya, the Director of the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, will discuss the endgame of Vladimir Putin’s campaign in Ukraine, Russia’s rapprochement with Iran, Russian relations with other regional and global powers such as Turkey and China, among other topics.

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 04:00 PM to 04:30 PM EET for this fireside chat with Alexander Gabuev and Maha Yahya.The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook.

For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Maha Yahya

Director, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Alexander Gabuev

Alexander Gabuev

Director, Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center

Thu. December 8th, 2022 4:45 PM - 6:00 PM EST

Does the U.S. have a Future in a Middle East?

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 04:45 to 06:00 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Abdullah Baabood, Zaha Hassan, Karim Sadjadpour, Sinan Ülgen chaired by Kim Ghattas.

This panel will examine the latest dynamics between Middle East regional players such as the Arab Gulf countries, Iran, Turkey, and Israel, and their alliances, proxy wars, and regional tensions. It will also explore the growing influence of foreign powers, including China, the European Union, and Russia, as well as the alliances they have built in the region.

The panelists will talk about how changes in U.S. policy have affected these dynamics, while also addressing the ramifications of agreements between Israel and several Arab Gulf nations for Israeli-Palestinian relations and countering terrorism in the region.

Join us on Thursday, December 8 from 04:45 to 06:00 PM EET for a public panel discussion with Abdullah Baabood, Zaha Hassan, Karim Sadjadpour, Sinan Ülgen chaired by Kim Ghattas.

The discussion will be held in English live on YouTube and Facebook. For more information, please contact Lina Dernaika at lina.dernaika@carnegie-mec.org.

Zaha Hassan

Fellow, Middle East Program

Abdullah Baabood

Nonresident Senior Scholar, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Kim Ghattas

Nonresident Senior Fellow

Karim Sadjadpour

Senior Fellow, Middle East Program

Sinan Ülgen

Senior Fellow, Carnegie Europe

Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.
event speakers

Nur Arafeh

Fellow, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Nur Arafeh is a fellow at the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, where she is co-leading the program on the political economy of the MENA region. Her research focuses on business-state relations, food insecurity, inequality, peacebuilding strategies, the development-security nexus and Palestinian-Israeli affairs.

Almudena Azcárate Ortega

Almudena Azcárate Ortega is an associate researcher in the Space Security and WMD programmes at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. Her research focuses on space security and missiles.

Jihad Azour

IMF

Mr. Jihad Azour is the Director of the Middle East and Central Asia Department at the International Monetary Fund where he oversees the Fund’s work in the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia and Caucasus.

Abdullah Baabood

Nonresident Senior Scholar, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Abdullah Baabood is a nonresident senior scholar at the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center. Baabood holds the chair of the state of Qatar for Islamic area studies and is a visiting professor at the Faculty of International Research and Education at Waseda University in Tokyo.

Rosa Balfour

Director, Carnegie Europe

Rosa Balfour is director of Carnegie Europe. Her fields of expertise include European politics, institutions, and foreign and security policy. Her current research focuses on the relationship between domestic politics and Europe’s global role. Previously, Balfour was a senior fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. She was also director of the Europe in the World program at the European Policy Centre in Brussels and has worked as a researcher in Rome and London. She holds a PhD in International Relations from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Anne Barnard

Anne Barnard covers climate and environment for the Metro desk of the New York Times. She was the newspaper’s Beirut bureau chief from 2012 to 2018.

Darshana M. Baruah

Nonresident Scholar, South Asia Program

Darshana M. Baruah is a nonresident scholar with the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace where she directs the Indian Ocean Initiative.

Frances Z. Brown

Vice President for Studies, Co-Director, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program

Dr. Frances Z. Brown was a vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. She also co-directs Carnegie’s Democracy, Conflict, and Governance program, and oversees the Africa program and Global Order and Institutions program at the vice-presidential level.  

Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar

President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar is the tenth president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. A former justice of the Supreme Court of California, he has served three U.S. presidential administrations at the White House and in federal agencies, and was the Stanley Morrison Professor at Stanford University, where he held appointments in law, political science, and international affairs and led the university’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

Marwa Daoudy

Nonresident Scholar, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Marwa Daoudy was a nonresident scholar at the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center and is a professor of political science and Middle East politics at Georgetown University whose research focuses on climate, human security, and environmental politics in the Arab world.

Justin Dargin

Nonresident Scholar Middle East Program

Justin Dargin was a nonresident scholar in the Middle East Program who has extensive experience working on a multitude of issues relating to the global and Middle East/North Africa energy sectors, geopolitical affairs, climate change, emergent carbon markets, and regional industrialization.

Elizabeth Dibble

Chief Operating Officer

As Carnegie’s chief operating officer, Elizabeth Dibble worked closely with the president to oversee and manage all aspects of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Robin Dickey

Robin Dickey is a member of the technical staff at The Aerospace Corporation’s Center for Space Policy and Strategy. She focuses on space policy and strategy issues related to national security, geopolitics, and international relations.

Evan A. Feigenbaum

Vice President for Studies, Acting Director, Carnegie China

Evan A. Feigenbaum is vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where he oversees its work in Washington, Beijing, New Delhi, and Singapore on a dynamic region encompassing both East Asia and South Asia. He served twice as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State and advised two Secretaries of State and a former Treasury Secretary on Asia.

Alexander Gabuev

Alexander Gabuev

Director, Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center

Alexander Gabuev is director of the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center. Gabuev’s research is focused on Russian foreign policy with particular focus on the impact of the war in Ukraine and the Sino-Russia relationship. Since joining Carnegie in 2015, Gabuev has contributed commentary and analysis to a wide range of publications, including the Financial Times, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Economist.

Kim Ghattas

Nonresident Senior Fellow

Kim Ghattas was a nonresident senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Amr Hamzawy

Director, Middle East Program

Amr Hamzawy is a senior fellow and the director of the Carnegie Middle East Program. His research and writings focus on governance in the Middle East and North Africa, social vulnerability, and the different roles of governments and civil societies in the region.

Sana Hashmi

Sana Hashmi, Ph.D., is a visiting fellow at the Taiwan-Asia Exchange Foundation since March 2021. She is an affiliated scholar with the Research Institute for Indo-Pacific Affairs (RIIPA). Her primary research focuses on Taiwan’s foreign relations, China’s foreign policy, Taiwan’s New Southbound Policy, Taiwan-India relations, China’s territorial disputes, Indo-Pacific, and Asian security. She is currently working on a book project on Situating India in Taiwan’s New Southbound Policy.

Zaha Hassan

Fellow, Middle East Program

Zaha Hassan is a human rights lawyer and a fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Yukon Huang

Senior Fellow, Asia Program

Huang is a senior fellow in the Carnegie Asia Program where his research focuses on China’s economy and its regional and global impact.

Rachel Kleinfeld

Senior Fellow, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program

Rachel Kleinfeld is a senior fellow in Carnegie’s Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, where she focuses on issues of rule of law, security, and governance in democracies experiencing polarization, violence, and other governance problems.

Olivia Lazard

Fellow, Carnegie Europe

Lazard is a fellow at Carnegie Europe. Her research focuses on the geopolitics of climate, the transition ushered by climate change, and the risks of conflict and fragility associated to climate change and environmental collapse.

Hamza Meddeb

Fellow, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Hamza Meddeb is a research fellow at the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut, where he co-leads the Political Economy Program

Marwan Muasher

Vice President for Studies

Marwan Muasher is vice president for studies at Carnegie, where he oversees research in Washington and Beirut on the Middle East. Muasher served as foreign minister (2002–2004) and deputy prime minister (2004–2005) of Jordan, and his career has spanned the areas of diplomacy, development, civil society, and communications.

Moisés Naím

Distinguished Fellow

Moisés Naím is a distinguished fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a best-selling author, and an internationally syndicated columnist.

Kumiko Okazaki

Kumiko Okazaki is a research director at the Canon Institute for Global Studies. Her work focuses on changes in international capital flows in China and financial system reform in China.

Ankit Panda

Stanton Senior Fellow, Nuclear Policy Program

Ankit Panda is the Stanton Senior Fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Karim Sadjadpour

Senior Fellow, Middle East Program

Karim Sadjadpour is a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where he focuses on Iran and U.S. foreign policy toward the Middle East.

Benjamin Silverstein

Research Analyst, Space Project

Benjamin Silverstein was a research analyst for the Space Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Oliver Stuenkel

Visiting Scholar, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program

Oliver Stuenkel is an associate professor at the School of International Relations at Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) in São Paulo, Brazil. He is also a visiting scholar affiliated with the Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Yuki Tatsumi

Yuki Tatsumi is a senior fellow and co-director of the East Asia Program and director of the Japan Program at the Stimson Center.

Sinan Ülgen

Senior Fellow, Carnegie Europe

Ülgen is a senior fellow at Carnegie Europe in Brussels, where his research focuses on Turkish foreign policy, transatlantic relations, international trade, economic security, and digital policy.

Maha Yahya

Director, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

Yahya is director of the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, where her research focuses on citizenship, pluralism, and social justice in the aftermath of the Arab uprisings.