Yet, Russian popular opinion regarding the nature of the Saudi monarchy and the role of Riyadh in the international arena are not so straightforward. For instance, while recognizing the achievements of King Abdullah in the economic and political development of Saudi Arabia, the government channel Russia-24 stated that under his rule the country was involved in the destabilization of the situation in Syria. Apart from that, the kingdom was also accused of deliberately destabilizing the oil market. Konstantin Karabanov, one of the journalists writing for VGTRK (the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company), went even further. In one of his recent articles he argued that Saudi Arabia under King Abdullah supported terrorist groupings in the Middle East and, thus, indirectly contributed to the formation of the Islamic State. Karabanov also questioned the effectiveness and importance of reforms conducted by the Saudi authorities during the last two decades. He pointed to the fact that, to a great extent, Saudi Arabia still remains one of the last traditional monarchies where the authority of the king is unlimited, while civil rights are disparaged.

Currently, Russia and #Saudi Arabia are neither friends nor foes.

 

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Unfortunately, the negative image of the kingdom is relatively popular among Moscow experts and some members of the Russian political elite. Although this negative perception of Saudi Arabia as a dictatorial state that pursues an anti-Russian foreign policy has little to do with reality, it creates additional ground for general Russian mistrust and hostility toward Riyadh during periods when the Kremlin’s relations with Saudi Arabia are cooling down. Moscow’s tradition of blaming external forces for Russia’s problems also cannot be ignored; over the last six months, the fall in oil prices have made the Russian political elite speculate that the volatility of the market is the result of a Saudi-American plot to handicap the Russian economy by limiting Moscow’s income from oil exports.

The coexistence of positive and negative images of Saudi Arabia in Russian public opinion and the fact that both images are propagated at the highest levels demonstrate the absence of a cohesive understanding among Russian decisionmakers about the role of the kingdom in the modern system of international relations. Thus far, the proponents of the negative image of Saudi Arabia have failed to distract the Russian authorities from their intention to develop positive contacts with Riyadh. Of course, calling Saudi-Russian relations “friendly” is a stretch. There is a wide gap in the approaches of the two countries toward the outcomes of the Arab Spring, the situation in Syria, and Iran’s role in the region. However, political and economic challenges faced by both states in the last decade also demonstrate that Moscow and Riyadh have mutual interests such as the promotion of regional political stability, counterterrorism efforts, and bilateral cooperation in the fields of energy and space.

Apart from that, over the last two years, certain tensions in U.S.-Saudi relations have compelled Riyadh to look for potential partners outside of the region. As a result, the Saudis have turned their attention to Moscow, and, in spite of all the existing contradictions, the kingdom’s authorities were able to maintain dialogue with Russia. The visits of Saudi prince Bandar Bin Sultan to Moscow on July 31 and December 3, 2013 are the most evident examples of this dialogue. Moreover, in November 2013, the Saudis offered to help Egyptian authorities buy Russian weapons in order to compensate for the decrease in U.S. arms exports to Cairo. Russia and Saudi Arabia reaffirmed their intention to develop bilateral relations during the recent visit of the Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud to Moscow on November 21, 2014.

Under these circumstances, Russian experts and politicians have yet to answer the main question: whether Moscow and Riyadh are to be friends or existing contradictions will bring them to political confrontation? Currently, the two countries are neither friends nor foes. While it seems that Moscow and Riyadh are willing to maintain a certain level of exchange, and even cordiality, irreconcilable differences on Syria will remain an obstacle to any significant cooperation. The status of bilateral relations and their future remain obscure. This, in turn, is clearly reflected in the polyphony of views on Saudi Arabia existing in Russian society.