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{
  "authors": [
    "Sophia Besch"
  ],
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  "centerAffiliationAll": "dc",
  "centers": [
    "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"
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In The Media

Cooperation and Integration: Why Vilnius is also about EU

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 is widely said to have transformed European defense, aligning threat perceptions, raising defense budgets, and focusing political will.

Link Copied
By Sophia Besch
Published on Jul 5, 2023

Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI)

About the Author

Sophia Besch

Former Senior Fellow, Europe Program

Sophia Besch was a senior fellow in the Europe Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Her research focuses on European foreign and defense policy.

    Recent Work

  • Commentary
    Carnegie’s Summer Beach Reads
      • Steve Feldstein
      • +8

      Sophia Besch, Eric Ciaramella, Steve Feldstein, …

  • Paper
    Will American Power in Europe Run Out?

      Sophia Besch, Tara Varma

Sophia Besch
Former Senior Fellow, Europe Program
Sophia Besch
Political ReformRussiaEastern EuropeUkraineWestern EuropeIran

Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.

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