
Welcome to the Africa Technology Policy Tracker (AfTech). The first ever continent-wide aggregate of digital economy laws, policies and regulations in Africa developed by the Carnegie Africa Program, in collaboration with the African Telecommunications Union (ATU).
AfTech is a research and policy tool that advances evidence-based policymaking in Africa’s rapidly evolving digital economy by providing a one-stop repository of national and continental technology frameworks. By cataloging policies across key pillars like digital infrastructure, platforms, skills, and innovation, AfTech makes it easy to explore, compare, and analyze policy actions shaping the continent’s digital future. AfTech offers valuable insights into the diverse approaches countries are taking toward digital governance. Our aim is to enhance visibility on the burgeoning digital policy environment in Africa and for AfTech to become an essential resource that informs decisionmaking, fosters cross-border collaboration, and helps guide the continent toward a more integrated and resilient digital economy.
Dive in and discover how Africa is advancing in the digital age.
Digital Infrastructure is the availability of affordable and quality internet which is instrumental to bringing more people online.
Physical: Physical structures powered by technology that increase access and connectivity to the digital economy.
Invisible: Systems that strengthen public confidence in the digital economy.
| Laws | Policies | Regulations | |
| Digital Infrastructure | 141 | 220 | 171 |
| Digital Platforms | 82 | 157 | 33 |
| Digital Skills | 8 | 104 | 3 |
| Digital Innovation | 14 | 96 | 2 |
Note: All population and total land figures are retrieved from World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/. Internet penetration rate is being measured by the total number of internet users not population.
| Classification | Name | Key Data Points | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Policy | 2024, African Union | Physical Invisible | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2024, African Union | Physical Invisible | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2024, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2024, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2024, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2020, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2024, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Data Protection Digital Identification | |
| Policy | 2022, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Data Protection | |
| Policy | 2022, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2023, African Union | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity Data Protection Tech Hubs | |
| Law | 2018, Algeria | Government Business Financial Services | E-commerce | |||
| Law | 2018, Algeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Postal Services | ||
| Law | 2020, Algeria | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Last Mile | |||
| Law | 2015, Algeria | Government Business | Digital Identification Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2009, Algeria | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2018, Algeria | Invisible | Government | Data Protection Digital Identification | ||
| Law | 2011, Angola | Invisible | Government | Data Protection Digital Identification | ||
| Law | 2011, Angola | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Quality of Service | ||
| Law | 2020, Angola | Physical Invisible | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Signatures | |||
| Policy | 2019, Angola | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2018, Angola | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Quality of Service | ||
| Law | 2017, Angola | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2014, Angola | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | ||
| Law | 2011, Angola | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Quality of Service Second Mile SMART Cities | |||
| Law | 2002, Angola | Physical Invisible | Data Protection Digital Identification | |||
| Law | 2020, Angola | Physical Invisible | Data Protection Digital Identification | |||
| Regulation | 2020, Angola | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Policy | 2023, Benin | Physical Invisible | Government Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce |
| Law | 2018, Benin | Physical Invisible | Government Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |
| Law | 2015, Benin | Business | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2021, Benin | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity Data Protection |
| Policy | 2023, Benin | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | |
| Regulation | 2023, Benin | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Data Protection | |
| Regulation | 2023, Benin | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Data Protection |
| Policy | 2011, Burundi | Physical Invisible | Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Digital Identification Digital Payments E-commerce E-government Services | |
| Policy | 2023, Burundi | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Payments Digital Signatures First Mile Last Mile Second Mile |
| Law | 2015, Burundi | Physical | Financial Services | Last Mile | ||
| Law | 2020, Cameroon | Physical Invisible | Postal Services | |||
| Law | 2015, Chad | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | ||
| Chad | 2015, Chad | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Innovation | Cybersecurity Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce |
| Law | 2014, Chad | Physical | Financial Services | Broadband Internet Digital Identification Digital Payments | ||
| Policy | 2020, Chad | Physical Invisible | Government | Advanced | Innovation | Broadband Internet Digital Identification Digital Payments E-commerce First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile |
| Regulation | 2012, Côte d'Ivoire | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy | 2012, Côte d'Ivoire | Physical Invisible | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2021, Côte d'Ivoire | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 2013, Côte d'Ivoire | Invisible | Government | Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2013, Côte d'Ivoire | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity | ||
| Law | 2013, Côte d'Ivoire | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Payments | |||
| Law | 2013, Côte d'Ivoire | Physical Invisible | Postal Services | |||
| Law | 2013, Côte d'Ivoire | Invisible | Government | Data Protection | ||
| Policy | 2021, Côte d'Ivoire | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification E-commerce Postal Services SMART Cities | |||
| Law | 2015, Democratic Republic of Congo | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet First Mile Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Law | 2022, Democratic Republic of Congo | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2020, Democratic Republic of Congo | Invisible | Government | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2021, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2018, Egypt | Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity | ||
| Regulation | 2022, Egypt | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2020, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2024, Egypt | Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2023, Egypt | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2017, Egypt | Government Business Financial Services | E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2014, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government | |||
| Policy | 2014, Egypt | Invisible | Government | |||
| Law | 2023, Egypt | Invisible | Cybersecurity Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2022, Egypt | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2022, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2021, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Business | Advanced | Innovation | Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2021, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Digital Identification E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile Postal Services | |
| Regulation | 2021, Egypt | Financial Services | ||||
| Regulation | 2021, Egypt | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2020, Egypt Mobile Number Portability Regulations (Operators) | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2019, Egypt | Government Business | ||||
| Policy | 2019, Egypt | Invisible | Business | Competition | ||
| Policy | 2018, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Digital Identification Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2018, Egypt | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2018, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Digital Identification E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile |
| Law | 2017, Egypt | Invisible | Business Financial Services | Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity E-commerce SMART Cities |
| Policy | 2014, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadband Internet Digital Identification E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2007, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | E-government Services Postal Services |
| Policy | 2005, Egypt | Physical | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Digital Signatures E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile |
| Law | 2004, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Cybersecurity Digital Signatures E-commerce E-government Services | ||
| Policy | 2003, Egypt | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet | |||
| Regulation | 2003, Egypt | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2003, Egypt | Invisible | End-User Subscriber Service | |||
| Regulation | , Egypt | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | , Egypt | Invisible | ||||
| Law | 2022, Eswatini | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2022, Eswatini | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | ||
| Policy | 2022, Eswatini | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2013, Eswatini | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Law | 2013, Eswatini | Invisible | Innovation | Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2022, Eswatini | Invisible | Innovation | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments | ||
| Law | 2023, Eswatini | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy | 2025, Ethiopia | Government | E-government Services | |||
| Policy | 2025, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2024, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2024, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government | E-government Services | ||
| Law | 2024, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2023, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2022, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Quality of Service | ||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Quality of Service | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Competition Consumer Protection Quality of Service | ||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Quality of Service | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government | Consumer Protection Quality of Service | ||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Quality of Service | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Competition Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Invisible | Competition | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Consumer Protection | ||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Quality of Service | ||
| Regulation | 2021, Ethiopia | Business | Last Mile | |||
| Law | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy | 2021, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs | |
| Law | 2020, Ethiopia | Entrepreneurship | Start-ups Tech Hubs | |||
| Policy | 2019, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Interoperability | ||
| Law | 2019, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Ethiopia | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Signatures | |||
| Policy | 2017, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Regulation | 2016, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity | ||
| Policy | 2016, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Data Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Policy | 2014, Ethiopia | Physical | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2013, Ethiopia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | First Mile Last Mile Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2011, Ethiopia | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Payments | |||
| Policy | 2018, Gabon | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2022, Gabon | Government Business Financial Services | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments | |||
| Law | 2023, Gabon | Government Financial Services | Basic | Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2023, Gabon | Government Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |
| Policy | 2015, Gabon | Business | Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2020, Gabon | Physical Invisible | Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | First Mile | |
| Law | 2019, Gabon | Government Business Financial Services | Basic | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | ||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Business Financial Services | |||
| Policy | 2017, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy” | 2018, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Consumer Protection | |
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship Innovation | ||
| Policy | 2019, Gambia | Invisible | Data Protection Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2018, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces |
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Policy | 2004, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments E-commerce SMART Cities | ||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification E-commerce | ||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification E-commerce | ||
| Policy | 2019, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2018, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2020, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2021, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet E-commerce Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2021, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Consumer Protection | ||
| Policy | 2021, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | |||
| Policy | 2021, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification E-commerce | ||
| Policy | 2021, Gambia | Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification E-commerce | ||
| Policy | 2003, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2021, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Policy | 2024, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2024, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2024, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Digital Identification | ||
| Law | 2001, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | ||
| Law | 2009, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | ||
| Law | 2014, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Last Mile | ||
| Law | 2019, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2019, Gambia | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2021, Gambia | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2021, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Regulation | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Regulation | 2017, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | |||
| Regulation | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2023, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Last Mile | ||
| Regulation | 2021, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2014, Gambia | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2015, Gambia | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2014, Gambia | Physical | ||||
| Regulation | 2012, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Last Mile Second Mile | ||
| Regulation | 2013, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Digital Payments Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2013, Gambia | Invisible | Government Business | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Regulation | 2017, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | ||
| Regulation | 2017, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Digital Identification | ||
| Regulation | 2013, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | |||
| Regulation | 2014, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | ||
| Regulation | 2017, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | ||
| Regulation | 2012, Gambia | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Digital Identification Digital Payments E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2022, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2004, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet First Mile Last Mile Quality of Service Second Mile | |||
| Policy | 2012, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet First Mile Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2011, Ghana | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2011, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | |||
| Policy | 2024, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2019, Ghana | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification | |||
| Law | 2008, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Quality of Service Second Mile SMART Cities | |||
| Law | 2008, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Quality of Service | |||
| Law | 2008, Ghana | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Law | 2012, Ghana | Invisible | Government | Data Protection Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2003, Ghana | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2010, Guinea-Bissau | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2025, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2020, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Consumer Protection Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2023, Kenya | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2022, Kenya | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2022, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2020, Kenya | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2020, Kenya | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2022, Kenya | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2018, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Kenya | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2017, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet | |||
| Regulation | 2017, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Regulation | 2015, Kenya | Physical Invisible | E-commerce | |||
| Regulation | 2017, Kenya | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2015, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Postal Services | |||
| Regulation | 2017, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2023, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Signatures | |||
| Regulation | 2012, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy | 2008, Kenya | Physical | Basic Advanced | Tech Hubs | ||
| Policy | 2022-2032, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Digital Identification E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2022, Kenya | Invisible | Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity E-commerce Postal Services | ||
| Regulation | 2021, Kenya | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Kenya | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Kenya | Invisible | Consumer Protection Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2021, Kenya | Basic Advanced | Innovation | |||
| Regulation | 2020, Kenya | Business Financial Services | Digital Tax E-commerce | |||
| Law | 2019, Kenya | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2019, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Cybersecurity Digital Identification E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2019, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Cybersecurity E-commerce Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2019, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Basic Advanced | Innovation | Artificial Intelligence | |
| Policy | 2018-2023, Kenya | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity First Mile Inclusivity Last Mile | |||
| Law | 2018, Kenya | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 2016, Kenya | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2015, Kenya | Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2014, Kenya | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2014, Kenya | Innovation | Start-ups | |||
| Regulation | 2013, Kenya | Business Financial Services | ||||
| Law | 2013, Kenya | Innovation | Start-ups | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Consumer Protection Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | Competition | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | Postal Services | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2010, Kenya | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2009, Kenya | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Data Postal Services | |||
| Policy | 2004, Kenya | Government | Digital Identification Interoperability | |||
| Regulation | 2001, Kenya | Invisible | Competition Postal Services | |||
| Law | 1998 (revised 2020), Kenya | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Postal Services Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2012, Lesotho | Invisible | Government | Data Protection Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2021, Lesotho | Physical Invisible | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |
| Policy | 2008, Lesotho | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Postal Services | |||
| Policy | 2024, Lesotho | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet Data Protection Digital Payments First Mile Last Mile Second Mile | |
| Law | 2012, Lesotho | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2024, Libya | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2022, Libya | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2022, Libya | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Signatures | |||
| Policy | 2015, Mali | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2013, Mali | Invisible | Government | Data Protection Digital Identification | ||
| Law | 2019, Mali | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Policy | 2024, Mauritania | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2013, Mauritania | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile | |||
| Law | 2022, Mauritania | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2016, Mauritania | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2017, Mauritania | Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2018, Mauritania | Government Business | Data Protection Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Law | 2021, Mauritania | Financial Services | Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2024, Mauritania | Entrepreneurship | ||||
| Policy | 2022, Mauritania | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces |
| Policy | 2024, Mauritania | Invisible | Government Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Digital Identification | |
| Policy | 2023, Mauritania | Physical Invisible | Government | E-health | ||
| Law | 2001, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2023, Mauritius | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2003, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Policy | 2018, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2013, Mauritius | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2021, Mauritius | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2018, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile | |
| Policy | 2018, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Advanced | Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2018, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile |
| Law | 2017, Mauritius | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2017, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Entrepreneurship Innovation | E-government Services Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2017, Mauritius | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2017, Mauritius | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2015, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Business | Broadband Internet E-government Services | ||
| Policy | 2014, Mauritius | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2014, Mauritius | Invisible | Government | Basic | Innovation | E-government Services E-health Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2013, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-agriculture E-commerce E-government Services E-health |
| Policy | 2012, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadband Internet E-government Services First Mile Last Mile |
| Policy | 2011, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity E-government Services First Mile Last Mile Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2010, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | First Mile Open Access | |||
| Policy | 2007, Mauritius | Invisible | Cybersecurity Last Mile | |||
| Law | 2004, Mauritius | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2004, Mauritius | Invisible | First Mile Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2001, Mauritius | Invisible | ||||
| Law | 2000, Mauritius | Invisible | Government Business | Cybersecurity Digital Signatures | ||
| Policy | 1999, Mauritius | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Law | 1988, Mauritius | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2024, Morocco | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2007, Morocco | Physical Invisible | Last Mile Postal Services | |||
| Law | 2020, Morocco | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 1998, Morocco | Physical Invisible | Last Mile | |||
| Law | 2020, Morocco | Invisible | Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2017, Mozambique | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2000, Mozambique | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Policy | 2021, Mozambique | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2018, Mozambique | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | |
| Regulation | 2023, Mozambique | Physical Invisible | Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2020, Mozambique | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2019, Mozambique | Physical Invisible | Digital Identification Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2019, Namibia | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification | |||
| Law | 2009, Namibia | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Law | 2022, Namibia | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 1992, Namibia | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy | 2019, Namibia | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet | |||
| Regulation | 2015, Namibia | Government Business Financial Services | Consumer Protection Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2016, Namibia | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2023, Namibia | Financial Services | ||||
| Regulation | 2021, Namibia | Business Financial Services | ||||
| Regulation | 2022, Namibia | Government Business Financial Services | ||||
| Regulation | 2018, Namibia | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | ||
| Policy | 2022, Namibia | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity | ||
| Policy | 2022, Namibia | Physical Invisible | Consumer Protection Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2022, Namibia | Physical Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2023, Nigeria | Invisible | Government | Basic | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification SMART Cities |
| Law | 2003, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Innovation | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection E-waste First Mile Last Mile Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces |
| Regulation | 2023, Nigeria | Physical | Broadband Internet Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Nigeria | Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile | |||
| Law | 1992, Nigeria | Invisible | Business | Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Digital Identification |
| Law | 2007, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic | Entrepreneurship | Broadband Internet |
| Policy | 2024, Nigeria | Invisible | Artificial Intelligence | |||
| Policy | 2023, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Broadcasting and Multimedia Services E-commerce E-government Services Spectrum and TV White Spaces Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2023, Nigeria | Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2023, Nigeria | Invisible | Financial Services | Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity Sandboxes Start-ups |
| Policy | 2023, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity E-commerce Last Mile Start-ups Tech Hubs | |
| Regulation | 2023, Nigeria | Invisible | End-User Subscriber Service | |||
| Regulation | 2023, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity End-User Subscriber Service Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2022, Nigeria | Invisible | Government | E-government Services Last Mile | ||
| Policy | 2022, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity E-government Services First Mile Last Mile |
| Regulation | 2022, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2022, Nigeria | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2022, Nigeria | Invisible | Innovation | Data Protection Tech Hubs | ||
| Policy | 2021, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2021, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity First Mile Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2021, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Advanced | Broadband Internet | ||
| Policy | 2021, Nigeria | Physical | Digital Identification E-government Services | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2021, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2020, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic | Entrepreneurship | Broadband Internet Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces Start-ups |
| Policy | 2020, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection E-commerce E-government Services Fintech Inclusivity |
| Policy | 2020, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic | Entrepreneurship | E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces |
| Policy | 2020, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile |
| Regulation | 2020, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2019, Nigeria | Physical | Government Business Financial Services | Basic | E-agriculture E-customs E-education E-government Services E-health Interoperability | |
| Policy | 2019, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | E-commerce E-government Services Interoperability | ||
| Regulation | 2019, Nigeria | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2019, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Advanced | Consumer Protection Cybersecurity E-government Services | |
| Policy | 2019, Nigeria | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Nigeria | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2018, Nigeria | Physical | First Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2017, Nigeria | Invisible | Business | E-government Services | ||
| Policy | 2015, Nigeria | Invisible | E-health | |||
| Law | 2015, Nigeria | Invisible | Business | Cybersecurity | ||
| Regulation | 2014, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2013, Nigeria | Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Policy | 2012, Nigeria | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile |
| Regulation | 2012, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Law | 2011, Nigeria | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2011, Nigeria | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2011, Nigeria Registration of Telephone Subscribers | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2011, Nigeria | Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2011, Nigeria | Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2009, Nigeria | Physical | Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2008, Nigeria | Invisible | Interoperability | |||
| Law | 2007, Nigeria | Physical | Government | Digital Identification E-government Services Last Mile | ||
| Law | 2007, Nigeria | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2007, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2007, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2007, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2004, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Law | 2003, Nigeria | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | , Nigeria | Invisible | End-User Subscriber Service | |||
| Policy | 2024, Rwanda | Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | ||
| Policy | 2001, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2018, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy | 2015, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Last Mile Quality of Service SMART Cities | |||
| Policy | 2006, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2019, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Data Protection Digital Identification | |||
| Policy | 2011, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Policy | 2022, Rwanda | Invisible | Business Financial Services | Advanced | Innovation | Artificial Intelligence E-commerce E-government Services Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2022, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Basic | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Policy | 2022, Rwanda | Business Financial Services | Innovation | Cybersecurity E-commerce Fintech | ||
| Policy | 2022, Rwanda | Business Financial Services | Innovation | Cybersecurity E-commerce Fintech | ||
| Regulation | 2022, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2022, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadband Internet Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2021, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2021, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2021, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadband Internet Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2021, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadband Internet Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2020, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile SMART Cities Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2020, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile SMART Cities Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2020, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2020, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2020, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2019, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile SMART Cities Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2019, Rwanda | Invisible | Basic | Child Protection Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Regulation | 2019, Rwanda | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2019, Rwanda | Invisible | End-User Subscriber Service Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadband Internet Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2018, Rwanda | Invisible | E-waste | |||
| Regulation | 2018, Rwanda | Invisible | End-User Subscriber Service | |||
| Policy | 2018, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile SMART Cities Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2018, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity Digital Signatures | |||
| Policy | 2017, Rwanda | Basic Advanced | Gender Inclusion Special Needs | |||
| Law | 2017, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2017, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Law | 2016, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 2016, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Regulation | 2016, Rwanda | Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2016, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2015, Rwanda | Invisible | Government Business | Advanced | Cybersecurity E-government Services | |
| Policy | 2015, Rwanda | Invisible | Government Business | Advanced | Cybersecurity E-government Services | |
| Policy | 2015, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile SMART Cities Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Regulation | 2014, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2013, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile Open Access | |||
| Law | 2013, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 2013, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2013, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2013, Rwanda | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2013, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | First Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2012, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2012, Rwanda | Physical | ||||
| Regulation | 2012, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2010, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile SMART Cities Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2009, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2009, Rwanda | Invisible | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2009, Rwanda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Regulation | 2009, Rwanda | Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2009, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2003, Rwanda | Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2001, Rwanda | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile SMART Cities Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2023, Senegal | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2008, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | Consumer Protection Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2008, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 2008, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity | |||
| Law | 2018, Senegal | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Data Protection Digital Payments First Mile Last Mile Second Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2020, Senegal | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Law | 2021, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Payments Digital Signatures Drones E-commerce E-waste | |||
| Law | 2008, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification | |||
| Law | 1994, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | E-commerce | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Senegal | Physical Invisible | Business Financial Services | Broadband Internet Data Protection Digital Payments First Mile Last Mile Second Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Regulation | 2019, Senegal | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2022, Senegal | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet First Mile Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2008, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Payments | |||
| Regulation | 2008, Senegal | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2019, Senegal | Invisible | Broadband Internet First Mile Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Senegal | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2019, Senegal | Physical Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2023, Senegal | Physical | Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2022, Senegal | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity | ||
| Law | 2018, Senegal | Government Business Financial Services | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Digital Payments First Mile Last Mile Second Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2023, Senegal National Data Strategy | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2022, Senegal | Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2017, Senegal | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2016, Senegal | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile |
| Law | 2015, Senegal | Invisible | ||||
| Law | 2014, Senegal | Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Law | 2011, Senegal | Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services | |||
| Law | 2008, Senegal | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2008, Senegal | Invisible | End-User Subscriber Service | |||
| Law | 2008, Senegal | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2019, Somalia | Invisible | Government | Basic | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Payments |
| Law | 2023, Somalia | Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2017, Somalia | Invisible | Broadband Internet Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2021, South Africa | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | ||
| Law | 2000, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Policy | 2012, South Africa | Physical Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2015, South Africa | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity | ||
| Law | 2009, South Africa | Invisible | ||||
| Policy | 2024, South Africa | Invisible | Government | |||
| Policy | 2010, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Broadband Internet Data Protection Digital Payments First Mile Last Mile Quality of Service Second Mile | ||
| Law | 2008, South Africa | Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2022, South Africa | Invisible | Open Access Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2021, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity |
| Regulation | 2021, South Africa | Invisible | Broadband Internet | |||
| Policy | 2020, South Africa | Invisible | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Start-ups Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2020, South Africa | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Innovation | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services SMART Cities Tech Hubs | |
| Regulation | 2020, South Africa | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2018, South Africa | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2018, South Africa | Invisible | End-User Subscriber Service | |||
| Policy | 2017, South Africa | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Innovation | E-commerce E-government Services SMART Cities Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2017, South Africa | Physical | Business | Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | E-commerce First Mile Last Mile Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2017, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile |
| Policy | 2017, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | E-commerce E-government Services Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2017, South Africa | Physical | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | E-commerce E-government Services |
| Policy | 2016, South Africa | Physical | Government Business | Innovation | Cybersecurity Digital Identification E-government Services Postal Services | |
| Policy | 2015, South Africa | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Innovation | E-commerce E-government Services SMART Cities Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2014, South Africa | Physical | Government Business | Basic | Postal Services | |
| Policy | 2014, South Africa | Physical | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | E-commerce E-government Services Last Mile |
| Policy | 2014, South Africa | Basic Advanced | ||||
| Regulation | 2014, South Africa | Invisible | Consumer Protection Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2013, South Africa | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2012, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet |
| Policy | 2012, South Africa | Physical | Government Business | Basic | Digital Identification E-commerce E-government Services | |
| Policy | 2010, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | E-commerce E-government Services |
| Regulation | 2010, South Africa | Invisible | Interoperability | |||
| Regulation | 2009, South Africa | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2007, South Africa | Invisible | Consumer Protection Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Regulation | 2007, South Africa | Invisible | ||||
| Regulation | 2007, South Africa | Invisible | Consumer Protection | |||
| Regulation | 2006, South Africa | Invisible | Consumer Protection End-User Subscriber Service | |||
| Law | 2005, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Competition Consumer Protection | |||
| Law | 2005, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Competition | |||
| Law | 2002, South Africa | Invisible | Government Business | Consumer Protection Data Protection E-government Services End-User Subscriber Service | ||
| Law | 2002, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | E-government Services |
| Policy | 2001, South Africa | Basic Advanced | ||||
| Policy | 2001, South Africa | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services Tech Hubs |
| Law | 1998, South Africa | Invisible | Government | Digital Identification Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2007, Sudan | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Identification | |||
| Law | 2007, Sudan | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Policy | 2024, Tanzania | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces |
| Policy | 2021, Tanzania | Physical Invisible | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Signatures E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces Tech Hubs | |
| Policy | 2003, Tanzania | Physical Invisible | Postal Services | |||
| Policy | 2024, Tanzania | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce |
| Policy | 2016, Tanzania | Physical Invisible | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2015, Tanzania | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Law | 2010, Tanzania | Government Business Financial Services | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2018, Togo | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Law | 2017, Togo | Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | |||
| Law | 2019, Togo | Invisible | Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2022, Togo | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2004, Tunisia | Invisible | Government | Data Protection Digital Identification | ||
| Policy | 2021, Tunisia | Physical Invisible | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Law | 2022, Tunisia | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Policy | 2020, Tunisia | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2018, Tunisia | Government Business Financial Services | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Start-ups | ||
| Law | 2000, Tunisia | Invisible | Innovation | Digital Identification Digital Signatures E-commerce | ||
| Law | 2013, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Law | 2011, Uganda | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2011, Uganda | Government Business | Digital Identification Digital Signatures | |||
| Policy | 2016, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet E-commerce Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2017, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile | |||
| Policy | 2023, Uganda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2023, Uganda | Invisible | Government Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Innovation | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection E-government Services First Mile Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces Start-ups |
| Policy | 2023, Uganda | Invisible | Government Business | Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Cybersecurity Digital Signatures E-commerce E-government Services Start-ups Tech Hubs |
| Law | 2019, Uganda | Invisible | Cybersecurity Data Protection | |||
| Policy | 2019, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Government | E-government Services Postal Services | ||
| Policy | 2018, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Government | Broadband Internet E-government Services First Mile Interoperability Last Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces | ||
| Law | 2015, Uganda | Invisible | Government | E-government Services | ||
| Policy | 2014, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity E-commerce E-government Services First Mile Last Mile |
| Regulation | 2014, Uganda | Invisible | Government | E-government Services | ||
| Regulation | 2013, Uganda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2012, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Government | E-government Services E-waste | ||
| Law | 2011, Uganda | Invisible | Government | Digital Signatures E-government Services | ||
| Law | 2011, Uganda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2011, Uganda | Physical Invisible | Government Business | Basic Advanced | E-commerce E-government Services | |
| Regulation | 2010, Uganda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2009, Uganda | Invisible | Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Law | 2005, Uganda | Invisible | Cybersecurity | |||
| Policy | 2024, Zambia | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce Tech Hubs |
| Policy | 2023, Zambia | Physical Invisible | Artificial Intelligence Broadband Internet Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce E-waste First Mile Last Mile Second Mile SMART Cities Spectrum and TV White Spaces | |||
| Policy | 2021, Zambia | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures | ||
| Law | 2009, Zambia | Government Business Financial Services | Digital Payments Digital Signatures | |||
| Law | 2021, Zambia | Invisible | Data Protection Digital Identification | |||
| Law | 2021, Zambia | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity | ||
| Policy | 2022, Zambia | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Data Protection Digital Payments First Mile Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Law | 2009, Zambia | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce | |||
| Law | 2018, Zambia | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Broadcasting and Multimedia Services Cybersecurity Data Protection Digital Identification Digital Payments Digital Signatures E-commerce First Mile | |||
| Law | 2009, Zambia | Physical Invisible | Postal Services | |||
| Law | 2001, Zimbabwe | Physical Invisible | Business Financial Services | Broadband Internet Last Mile Postal Services Second Mile | ||
| Policy | 2016, Zimbabwe | Physical Invisible | Government Business Financial Services | Basic Advanced | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet Cybersecurity E-commerce E-waste Last Mile Second Mile Spectrum and TV White Spaces |
| Policy | 2024, Zimbabwe | Invisible | Government | Basic | Entrepreneurship Innovation | Broadband Internet Data Protection Digital Payments First Mile Last Mile Second Mile |
| Law | 2021, Zimbabwe | Invisible | Government | Cybersecurity Data Protection | ||
| Policy | 2022, Zimbabwe | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet First Mile Last Mile Second Mile | |||
| Policy | 2020, Zimbabwe | Physical Invisible | Broadband Internet Last Mile |
Thanks for interacting with the Africa Technology Policy Tracker (Aftech). Aftech is part of ongoing research. The dataset is updated periodically with new legal documents as they become available and as the project expands to cover all African countries. For questions and comments, email us at africatechtracker@ceip.org.
Jane Munga and Sylvester Quansah