• Research
  • Strategic Europe
  • About
  • Experts
Carnegie Europe logoCarnegie lettermark logo
EUNATO
  • Donate
{
  "authors": [
    "Tim Maurer",
    "Jason Healey"
  ],
  "type": "other",
  "centerAffiliationAll": "dc",
  "centers": [
    "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"
  ],
  "collections": [
    "Cyber and Digital Policy"
  ],
  "englishNewsletterAll": "ctw",
  "nonEnglishNewsletterAll": "",
  "primaryCenter": "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace",
  "programAffiliation": "TIA",
  "programs": [
    "Technology and International Affairs"
  ],
  "projects": [
    "International Cybersecurity Norms"
  ],
  "regions": [
    "Iran"
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Security",
    "Foreign Policy",
    "Technology"
  ]
}

Source: Getty

Other

Removing the Heat from Cyber Competition and Conflict

Even though the progress on cybernorms over 2015 was sudden, that success had in fact been built on the years of hard work by diplomats, cyberexperts, and many others.

Link Copied
By Tim Maurer and Jason Healey
Published on Apr 25, 2016
 International Cybersecurity Norms

Project

International Cybersecurity Norms

Carnegie’s Cyber Policy Initiative aims to contribute to international cybersecurity norms. This includes our Cyber Norms Index and Timeline in partnership with the United Nations and additional related research and policy papers available on this website. We also engage with governments and commercial actors to shape and promote feasible norms.

Learn More

Source: Global Digital Futures Policy Forum 2016

Only a few year s ago, there were almost no norms globally accepted by governments on cybersecurity or cyber conflict. Even the United States, which had long pushed such norms, had publicly announced very few. The United States and a few other allies confirmed that laws of armed conflict (otherwise known as International Humanitarian Law or the “Geneva Convention”) applied to cyberspace.

This has changed with tremendous progress recently, so much so that 2015 could be called was the Year of Global Cyber Norms....

This paper is part of the 2016 Global Digital Futures Policy Forum.

Read Full Text

About the Authors

Tim Maurer

Former Senior Fellow, Technology and International Affairs Program

Dr. Tim Maurer was a senior fellow in Carnegie’s Technology and International Affairs program.

Jason Healey

Authors

Tim Maurer
Former Senior Fellow, Technology and International Affairs Program
Tim Maurer
Jason Healey
SecurityForeign PolicyTechnologyIran

Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.

More Work from Carnegie Europe

  • Commentary
    Strategic Europe
    Trump Turns NATO into a Tool of Coercion

    The full list of humiliations Europe has endured since Donald Trump returned to the White House makes for grim reading. But Washington’s adversarial approach to its allies undermines its own power base.

      • Rym Momtaz

      Rym Momtaz

  • Climate desalination plant Saudi Arabia
    Paper
    Ecological Statecraft in the Midst of War: Water, Regeneration, and the Future of Gulf Security

    The U.S.-Iran war has crossed a dangerous threshold: water infrastructure in the Gulf is now a target. Ecological statecraft is no longer peripheral to security, it's part of its foundations.

      • Ali Bin Shahid

      Olivia Lazard, Ali Bin Shahid

  • Commentary
    Strategic Europe
    How the EU Can Become Energy Independent

    The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has triggered a global energy crisis, but Europe is stuck in reaction mode. Without more strategic foresight, the EU will remain dependent on fossil fuels and will never be truly secure.

      Milo McBride, Pauline Gerard

  • Commentary
    Deciphering Europe’s Relationship with Turkey

    Debate is heating up on how Turkey could be integrated into a common European defense framework. Commercial and industrial deals offer a better chance at alignment than sweeping political efforts.

      Marc Pierini

  • Commentary
    Strategic Europe
    Taking the Pulse: Is it Worth it for Europeans to Placate Trump?

    After spending much of 2025 trying to placate Donald Trump, some European leaders are starting to change posture. But is even a hostile Washington still so important to Europe that the U.S. president’s outbursts are worth putting up with?

      • Rym Momtaz

      Rym Momtaz, ed.

Get more news and analysis from
Carnegie Europe
Carnegie Europe logo, white
Rue du Congrès, 151000 Brussels, Belgium
  • Research
  • Strategic Europe
  • About
  • Experts
  • Projects
  • Events
  • Contact
  • Careers
  • Privacy
  • For Media
  • Gender Equality Plan
Get more news and analysis from
Carnegie Europe
© 2026 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. All rights reserved.