The NLA, or National Liberation Army, is a shadowy group that is active in Macedonia, according to local Albanian-language media. If it was responsible, it is far from clear what the group’s motives were in conducting the shootings, or who is behind the organization.

Nikola Gruevski, Macedonia’s prime minister, said the armed gunmen were intent on destabilizing the country. Some, he added, “are participants in several conflicts, some in the Middle East, which points out to their big experience in guerrilla fighting.”

Whatever the background to the killings and those who carried them out, the incident has not only exposed the fragility of Macedonia. It has also confirmed—as if confirmation were needed—that the European Union and NATO still have much unfinished business in the Western Balkans.

Jens Stoltenberg, NATO’s secretary general, and Johannes Hahn, the EU’s commissioner for enlargement negotiations, condemned the violence and called for a transparent investigation to establish what had happened.

Stoltenberg knew what was at stake: the spread of instability. “I urge everyone to exercise restraint and avoid any further escalation, in the interest of the country and the whole region,” he said. In 2001, NATO played a key role in preventing Macedonia from sliding into civil war by sending in 3,500 troops to shore up the country’s stability and security.

Macedonia is waiting to join NATO and is an EU candidate country. But its path to becoming a member of both organizations has been consistently blocked by Greece.

At issue for Athens is Macedonia’s name, which is officially the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, or FYROM. The government in Skopje wants to call its country simply Macedonia. But Greece has argued that use of the name Macedonia implies territorial ambitions over a northern Greek province that bears the same name.

Gjorge Ivanov, Macedonia’s president, called on the EU and NATO to find a solution to unblock the country’s Euro-Atlantic path because “this situation is risky for the country and the region.”

Macedonia’s uncertain future has inevitably led to immense frustration among the country’s younger generation as well as among the political elites. This lack of perspective has also slowed economic and political reforms. In short, Macedonia is not in good shape.

The shootings coincide with growing opposition to Gruevski’s style of governing. For months, he has been embroiled in a wire-tapping scandal.

The opposition, led by the Social Democrats, has accused the government of the illegal surveillance of over 20,000 people, including prosecutors, judges, journalists, mayors, and ministers. Opposition leaders also claim that the government has run roughshod over human rights and press freedom.

The opposition has become so critical of Gruevski and his determination to remain in power that Zoran Zaev, the leader of the Social Democrats, questioned whether Gruevski orchestrated the ethnic unrest to distract the public from Macedonia’s growing economic and political crisis. If there was any grain of truth in that, then it would surely be a highly dangerous strategy and one that could easily backfire.

Students, too, are challenging the government. They have demonstrated against changes to how university examinations are conducted. On May 5, several student activists were detained.

While leaders from Albania and Kosovo condemned the recent violence, the Russian foreign ministry rushed to the defense of the Macedonian government. It also accused “Western-inspired” nongovernmental organizations of attempting to destabilize the country, according to Balkan Insight, a news publication.

“The eruption of anti-government activities in Macedonia over the last days is worrying,” the Russian foreign ministry stated. “The choice of many opposition movements and NGOs, inspired by the West, that favor the logic of the street and the known scenario of a ‘colored revolution,’ is full of dangerous consequences,” the ministry said, clearly referring to events in Ukraine after that country’s 2004–2005 Orange Revolution.

Russia’s accusations verge on paranoia. In fact, had the EU adopted a more hands-on policy vis-à-vis Macedonia, the country’s political climate might not have deteriorated as rapidly as it has done over the past few years.