Whether voters opted for the AfD out of conviction, out of protest, or to warn Merkel there was another Germany to contend with is hard to say. One thing is clear: in all three regions, AfD voters sucked support away from Merkel’s conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the center-left Social Democratic Party. The big question is whether the AfD is a passing phenomenon or a party that is about to become a permanent part of the political landscape and that can tap into conservative voters who no longer believe they have a place in the CDU.

Before now, populist or xenophobic parties in Germany rarely won more than 5 percent of the vote. The success of the AfD changed that, at least for the moment. The party received 15.1 percent of the vote in Baden-Württemberg, overtaking the Social Democrats, and 12.6 percent in Rhineland-Palatinate. In the eastern region of Saxony-Anhalt, the AfD captured 24.2 percent of the vote, becoming the second-largest party. It pushed into third place The Left, a movement created out of the former East German Communist party.

The AfD’s big success in this part of eastern Germany confirmed a trend that is antiforeign and anti-Islam. Over the past year, there have been many arson attacks on refugee hostels in the country’s eastern regions. Local politicians in the east have finally acknowledged that there is a serious problem when it comes to racism.

Yet if there is any solace for the established parties after March 13, it is that all three incumbent premiers were reelected. The Greens won a stunning victory in Baden-Württemberg, while Merkel’s Christian Democrats lost 12 percentage points, taking their vote share down to 27.0 percent. That’s a staggering blow for a party that for decades has been entrenched in this prosperous region.

What was also interesting about the result in Baden-Württemberg is that Winfried Kretschmann, the region’s highly popular Green premier, had openly supported Merkel’s refugee policy—and the party’s share of the vote increased by 6.1 points to 30.3 percent. Support for the Social Democrats was cut almost in half, falling to a mere 12.7 percent.

The miserable results for the CDU and the Social Democrats were due not only to the popularity of the Greens. According to infratest dimap, an independent polling institute, the AfD in Baden-Württemberg sucked 190,000 voters away from the Christian Democrats and 90,000 from the Social Democrats.

In Rhineland-Palatinate, the Social Democrats hung onto power largely because of the immense popularity of their premier, Malu Dreyer. Her victory dampened any speculation about the political ambitions of her CDU contender, Julia Klöckner, who had distanced herself from Merkel’s policies in the hope she could unseat Dreyer.

Across in Saxony-Anhalt, the Christian Democrats’ Reiner Haseloff managed to hold onto his job too. But Haseloff has the same dilemma as the other premiers: they are all going to have difficulties in forming simple coalitions with just one other party in the regional legislatures. The AfD’s victory ensures weeks of horse-trading.

One thing is certain: no premier will contemplate building a coalition with the AfD. But nor can any of the winners afford to ignore the outcome of these elections, which amounted to a warning for Merkel’s coalition at the national level.

No doubt the AfD will exploit its victories and will do everything to maintain its momentum when another round of regional elections takes place in September 2016 in Berlin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Lower Saxony. The AfD’s leader, Frauke Petry, went further. Speaking after the election results on March 13, she said her party was on the winning straight, particularly in view of the 2017 federal election.

No doubt too, in the aftermath of the latest results, CDU officials may start piling on the pressure for Merkel to change course by putting a cap on the number of refugees and migrants arriving in Germany.

But it is highly unlikely that Merkel will change course. The decisions by Austria and the Western Balkan countries to effectively close their borders to migrants trapped in Greece has bestowed a favor on Merkel. That has given her some breathing space, despite the election results. But it might not be enough for traditional conservatives to return to the CDU.