• Research
  • Emissary
  • About
  • Experts
Carnegie Global logoCarnegie lettermark logo
DemocracyIran
  • Donate
Paper Tigers and Minotaurs: The Politics of Venezuela's Economic Reforms
Book

Paper Tigers and Minotaurs: The Politics of Venezuela's Economic Reforms

Weakened public institutions, military reform, and public opinion in the face of rapid change have opened the door for corruption, inequitable distribution of burdens, and political instability in South America. Countries in the region are facing painful and sometimes dangerous reform.

Link Copied
By Moisés Naím
Published on Jan 1, 1993

Additional Links

Paperback - $5.95

Source: Washington

Based on Moisés Naím's experiences as Minister of Industry in rapidly changing Venezuela and as Executive Director at the World Bank, this book raises questions and explores problems crucial to political and economic reform. Dr. Naím grapples with entrenched interests bent on derailing reform, the corrosive effects of corruption, the inequitable distribution of burdens, political instability brought on by weakened public institutions, military reform, and public opinion in the face of rapid change. After the revolutionary political and economic changes of the 1980s and early 1990s, the countries of South America—and many other countries all over the world—are facing painful and sometimes dangerous reform. Dr. Naím's book tackles the subject of managing that reform.

Advance Praise

“This book is a timely and relevant contribution for rethinking both the content and the process of future reform attempts.”
—Miriam Kornblith, Universidad Central de Venezuela

“The story is well-told and the lessons valuable for those interested in under-standing, as well as making, economic policy."
—Robert Grosse, University of Miami

About the Author

Moisés Naím

Distinguished Fellow

Moisés Naím is a distinguished fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a best-selling author, and an internationally syndicated columnist.

    Recent Work

  • Research
    The World Reacts to Biden’s First 100 Days
      • +10

      Rosa Balfour, Frances Z. Brown, Yasmine Farouk, …

  • Commentary
    View From Latin America

      Moisés Naím

Moisés Naím
Distinguished Fellow
Moisés Naím
North AmericaSouth AmericaTrade

Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.

More Work from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

  • Map of Hormuz shipping traffic on a smartphone screen
    Commentary
    Emissary
    “It’s Not Like Turning a Switch On and Off”

    Why the Iran ceasefire isn’t a quick fix to the Strait of Hormuz energy crisis.

      Helima Croft, Aaron David Miller

  • President of Argentina Javier Milei walks among supporters during his arrival to a closing campaign rally ahead the mid-term election on October 23, 2025 in Rosario, Argentina.
    Paper
    Right-Wing Populism and Strategic Realignment: Argentina’s Milei Experiment

    Argentina’s president blends libertarian populism with leader-centric diplomacy, transnational right-wing networks, and selective disengagement from multilateral institutions.

      Federico Merke

  • Commentary
    Southeast Asia’s Agency Amid the New Oil Crisis

    There is no better time for the countries of Southeast Asia to reconsider their energy security than during this latest crisis.

      Gita Wirjawan

  • Article
    Rewiring the South Caucasus: TRIPP and the New Geopolitics of Connectivity

    The U.S.-sponsored TRIPP deal is driving the Armenia-Azerbaijan peace process forward. But foreign and domestic hurdles remain before connectivity and economic interdependence can open up the South Caucasus.

      • Areg Kochinyan

      Thomas de Waal, Areg Kochinyan, Zaur Shiriyev

  • A Black man pulls a trolley. He is small in the bottom center of the frame; in the background are stacks of large, colorful shipping containers and the parts of a large crane or similar piece of equipment.
    Article
    Africa’s Global Economic Edge: Advancing Strategic Sectors

    In key sectors such as critical minerals, specialty agriculture, and fintech, Africa can become a global powerhouse by investing more in manufacturing, value-add, and scaling.

      • Kholofelo Kugler

      Kholofelo Kugler, Georgia Schaefer-Brown

Get more news and analysis from
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Carnegie global logo, stacked
1779 Massachusetts Avenue NWWashington, DC, 20036-2103Phone: 202 483 7600Fax: 202 483 1840
  • Research
  • Emissary
  • About
  • Experts
  • Donate
  • Programs
  • Events
  • Blogs
  • Podcasts
  • Contact
  • Annual Reports
  • Careers
  • Privacy
  • For Media
  • Government Resources
Get more news and analysis from
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
© 2026 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. All rights reserved.