• Research
  • Emissary
  • About
  • Experts
Carnegie Global logoCarnegie lettermark logo
Democracy
  • Donate
Optimal Deterrence: How the United States Can Preserve Peace and Prevent a Nuclear Arms Race with China and Russia
Research

Optimal Deterrence: How the United States Can Preserve Peace and Prevent a Nuclear Arms Race with China and Russia

The United States should optimize its nuclear strategy—to maximize the deterrence benefits of its nuclear arsenal while reducing the risks of arms racing, escalation, and proliferation as well as the costs of modernization.

Link Copied
By James M. Acton
Published on Jun 18, 2025
Program mobile hero image

Program

Nuclear Policy

The Nuclear Policy Program aims to reduce the risk of nuclear war. Our experts diagnose acute risks stemming from technical and geopolitical developments, generate pragmatic solutions, and use our global network to advance risk-reduction policies. Our work covers deterrence, disarmament, arms control, nonproliferation, and nuclear energy.

Learn More
Read the Publication
James M. Acton
Jessica T. Mathews Chair, Co-director, Nuclear Policy Program
James M. Acton
United StatesNuclear Policy

Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.

More Work from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

  • Soldier looking at a drone on the ground
    Commentary
    Emissary
    Are All Wars Now Drone Wars?

    From Sudan to Ukraine, UAVs have upended warfighting tactics and become one of the most destructive weapons of conflict.

      • Jon Bateman

      Jon Bateman, Steve Feldstein

  • Carney speaking on stage
    Commentary
    Emissary
    Carney’s Remarkable Message to Middle Powers

    And how they can respond.

      • +1

      Sophia Besch, Steve Feldstein, Stewart Patrick, …

  • Trump speaking on a stage
    Commentary
    Emissary
    The Greenland Episode Must Be a Lesson for Europe and NATO

    They cannot return to the comforts of asymmetric reliance, dressed up as partnership.

      Sophia Besch

  • Trump speaking to a room of reporters
    Commentary
    Emissary
    Unpacking Trump’s National Security Strategy

    Carnegie scholars examine the crucial elements of a document that’s radically different than its predecessors.

      • Cecily Brewer
      • +18

      James M. Acton, Saskia Brechenmacher, Cecily Brewer, …

  • Aerial View of Oil Refinery with a big U.S. flag in Wilmington, California
    Paper
    What Americans Think About American Power Today

    Most Americans believe the United States is declining in global power and influence, and nearly two-thirds say China’s power now equals or exceeds that of the United States.

      Christopher S. Chivvis, Stephen Wertheim, Liana Schmitter-Emerson

Get more news and analysis from
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Carnegie global logo, stacked
1779 Massachusetts Avenue NWWashington, DC, 20036-2103Phone: 202 483 7600Fax: 202 483 1840
  • Research
  • Emissary
  • About
  • Experts
  • Donate
  • Programs
  • Events
  • Blogs
  • Podcasts
  • Contact
  • Annual Reports
  • Careers
  • Privacy
  • For Media
  • Government Resources
Get more news and analysis from
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
© 2026 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. All rights reserved.