Source: ActionAid UK
Biofuels Threaten Food Security for the PoorThe global food crisis is not over. International food prices remain high and staple food prices in developing countries have actually continued to increase in recent months, aggravating the food security problem of the poor. The continued increase in the use of food commodities for biofuels production, which several studies cite as the major driver of food prices, and the likelihood of higher oil prices point to further price increases and may threaten food security in developing countries.
International food prices remain well above pre-crisis and historical levels. Corn and soybean prices were about 40 percent above their 2002–2007 average in February, and the price of rice had more than doubled from its 2002–2007 average. The World Bank's food price index rose 17 percent in 2009, surpassing its 2007 level by 11 percent.
Even staple foods have seen large price increases in developing countries recently. The most vulnerable countries are those with large portion of their population living in poverty. Out of the twenty developing countries with the largest poor populations, ranked according to the size of their population living under $1.25 a day poverty line, average domestic staple food prices in twelve were higher in 2009 than in 2008. Over that period, domestic prices rose most dramatically in Mozambique, where the price of cassava increased by 47 percent. The Philippines, Kenya, and Zambia saw prices increase between 20 percent and 26 percent from 2008 to 2009. Such price surges have severe implications for food security as most poor people—who typically spend more than 50 percent of their incomes on food—lose as very high food prices curtail their purchasing power.
A resurgence of rising oil prices and the continued diversion of food commodities into biofuels, on top of bad weather conditions, could lead to another spike in food prices in the near-term. The price of corn has been strongly and significantly correlated with ethanol production since 2006 as the use of corn for biofuels production surged. In the 2009/2010 crop year, approximately one third of U.S. corn will go to biofuels production, about three times the 2002–2005 average. This will have serious implications for international corn prices as the United States accounts for about a third of global corn production and two-thirds of global exports. The price of oil has now moved to over $80 per barrel, after averaging between $70 and $80 for more than five months, as the global economic recovery gains traction. This will further boost the demand for biofuels, raising the demand for—and price of—grains even more.
Advanced economies, mainly the United States and European Union, should reassess policies that promote biofuels production, which is economically inefficient, adds to carbon emissions, and is proving disastrous for poor countries. Serious consideration should be given to the trade-offs with food prices. At the same time, the increased demand for biofuels associated with rising oil prices underlines the need for conservation measures to reduce energy use and considerable investment in agriculture in developing countries.