Source: Geopolitical Information Service
There is no shortage of news in the media about the negative impact of lower oil prices on the economies of the major Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) oil producers. The dependence on oil makes these economies vulnerable to fluctuations in oil price. But while the oil price is back to ‘normal,’ it is not going to be business as usual for these countries.
The oil price has returned to normality: greater price volatility in a lower price environment compared with 2011 to mid-2014. For the major Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) oil exporters, however, it is not business as usual. The most obvious impact of lower oil prices on net oil exporters is deterioration in external accounts. The loss of export revenues will translate into shrinking fiscal revenues because oil export revenues are captured almost entirely by governments, therefore resulting in large budget deficits. If one adds the stronger U.S. dollar, the outcome is even more dramatic. Most OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) producers will suffer because they also have fixed exchange rates. Capital spending is likely to suffer given the political sensitivity attached to consumption, which has increased in recent years in response to rising social pressures. Reforming local economies has acquired a greater sense of urgency not because oil prices are simply lower, but because there is a new dynamic shaping both the global oil market and politics: The geopolitical risk will continue to be present but the difference today is that it can be better accommodated.
THE FACT that the world has seen the price of oil drop by around 50 percent since 2014 is not without precedent. It also reflects ‘back to normality’ for a global commodity. For the major oil exporters of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), however, it is not business as usual.There is now a consensus that the prevailing stability of the oil price at an unusual record high of around $100 per barrel, between 2011 and 2014 was simply abnormal and it was just a question of time before the oil market re-adjusted.
In the long term, a $60 per barrel oil price is not too bad; after all it was much lower for many years (as in the 1990s and the first half of the 21st century).
Expectations
Experience shows that predicting the oil price is not easy. The Energy Information Agency (EIA)’s three-case scenarios of $75, $141 and $204 per barrel (in 2012 terms) by 2040—under the low, reference, and high cases—reflect the wide divergence in expectations.
What can be expected, however, is greater price volatility and at lower levels compared with the last three to four years.
Oil Highs and Lows
- U.S. oil production rose by 1.6 million barrels a day in 2014, by far the largest growth in the world, taking its total overall production to just over 11.5 million barrels a day. It is the first time any country has increased its production by more than one million barrels a day for three consecutive years (BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2015)
- The Middle East provided more than a third of global oil exports, three quarters of which headed to Asia Pacific. Middle East energy consumption grew by 4.4 percent – the fastest of any region in 2014 (BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2015)
- The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries account for almost 75 percent of total remittance inflows to Egypt (World Bank, 2015)
- In the GCC, a combined budget surplus for 2014 of $76 billion (4.5 percent of GDP) is expected to turn into deficit of $113 billion (8 percent of GDP) in 2015 (IMF, 2015)
- A study by the IMF showed that 50 percent of energy subsidies around the world are concentrated in the MENA region
- Lower oil prices could cut nearly one eighth off Algeria’s GDP if prices do not rebound (CME Group, 2015)
The most obvious impact of lower oil prices on net oil exporters is deterioration in external accounts. The impact on the wider economy, however, varies with that economy’s level of dependence on the oil sector. In the Arab world, where oil accounts for more than half of budget revenues and exports earnings, the economies could be hurt, according to the World Bank (2015).
Oil export losses in 2015 are expected to reach $300 billion or 21 percent of GDP in countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and $90 billion or 10 percent of GDP in the non-GCC countries, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Such losses will translate into shrinking fiscal revenues because oil export revenues are captured almost entirely by governments, therefore resulting in large budget deficits.
Dollar Revenues
The outcome is even more dramatic if one adds the stronger U.S. dollar (USD) to the existing trend of lower oil prices.
Most OPEC producers will suffer because they also have fixed exchange rates—i.e. their currencies appreciate together with the USD. These countries, like Saudi Arabia, will not only get less dollar revenues—because of lower oil prices—they also have to translate them into less domestic currency when they plan their domestic expenditures.
On the contrary, countries like Russia and Azerbaijan with flexible exchange rates can counterbalance the effect of lower oil prices on domestic expenditure to some extent. They get less USD revenues—because of lower oil prices—but can exchange them into more domestic currency—because their domestic currency depreciates against the USD, because of flexible exchange rate.
It is argued that most oil exporters need oil prices to be considerably above $60 to balance their budgets—what is called budget breakeven oil price—but such prices should be treated with caution; after all, budgets can be amended. The question is where will the axe fall: Domestic consumption or investment?
Reduce Consumption
The wisest option would be to reduce consumption, including reforming overly generous and inefficient energy subsidies. Lower oil prices can therefore be an opportunity to reform local economies and achieve a stable, not spasmodic, growth. Identifying additional sources of non-oil revenue would also support efforts to contain spending, but this is unlikely because of limited economic diversification.
Both reforming energy subsidies and diversifying the economy have been advocated by experts and international organizations for many years. Economic diversification, in particular, has been discussed since the 1970s as the way forward for MENA economies. Little progress has been made since. As Ali Aissaoui from the Arab Petroleum Investments Corporation (APICORP) said, ‘Political expediency has taken prominence over economic efficiency, thus slowing down the momentum of governments’ economic diversification agendas.’
It is more likely that capital spending will be reduced instead—simply because of the political sensitivity attached to consumption which has increased in recent years in response to rising social pressures. For instance, in May 2015, Saudi Arabia’s King Salman gave the entire military and security forces a bonus of one-month's pay, their second since he came to the throne in January, costing his treasury more than $30 billion.
Financial Reserves
Oil and Gas Sector Contribution
Algeria: 35 percent GDP; 98 percent total exports; 62 percent total revenues
Bahrain: 21 percent GDP; 73 percent total exports; 87 percent total revenues
Iran: 17 percent GDP; 63 percent total exports; 44 percent total revenues
Iraq: 65 percent GDP; 100 percent total exports; 92 percent total revenues
Kuwait: 60 percent GDP; 94 percent total exports; 81 percent total revenues
Libya: 60 percent GDP; 99 percent total exports; 96 percent total revenues
Oman: 50 percent GDP; 66 percent total exports; 86 percent total revenues
Qatar: 54 percent GDP; 94 percent total exports; 57 percent total revenues
Saudi Arabia: 47 percent GDP; 86 percent total exports; 90 percent total revenues
United Arab Emirates: 40 percent GDP; 32 percent total exports; 79 percent total revenues
Yemen: 23 percent GDP; 86 percent total exports; 54 percent total revenues
Sources: OPEC, IMF, Central Bank of Oman, Central Bank of Iran, SAMA, Central Bank of Yemen, UNDP
Of course, net oil exporters are not all in the same position and distinction should be made between those who managed their wealth better than the others. Most of the GCC countries have accumulated financial reserves, through sovereign wealth funds (e.g. Kuwait and United Arab Emirates) or simply foreign account reserves at the Central Bank (e.g. Saudi Arabia). These countries can draw down their financial buffers to sustain their economies; they also have good credit ratings to raise more money. This pattern, however, is not sustainable in the long term.
Reforming local economies has acquired a greater sense of urgency not because oil prices are lower, but because there is a new dynamic shaping both the global oil market and politics.
The geopolitical risk will continue to be present but the difference today is that it can be better accommodated.
Only a few years ago, political problems in the Middle East would have sent the oil prices soaring. Today, political instability is translating into supply disruptions in the region—see Yemen, Syria, Libya—but no spikes in the oil price have been recorded.
Because of the new-found strength in U.S. oil production, the global economy seems to be able to cope better with oil supply problems. In 1979, for instance, when the Iranian revolution led to a loss of two million barrels a day (Mb/d) oil prices increased by 125 percent.
Supply Disruptions
Today, we are talking about supply disruptions of almost three Mb/d, with those disruptions concentrated in Libya (1.3 Mb/d) and Iran (860 Kb/d), according to BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2015). Still the oil price remained relatively low.
In terms of the future development of the global oil market, U.S. shale production is perhaps the biggest unknown; it has so far remained unabated and more importantly it is flexible. According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2015), the United States overtook Saudi Arabia and Russia to become the world’s largest oil producer.
It is not surprising to see the IMF recommending oil exporters to treat the oil price decline as largely permanent—a belief echoed by several industry experts and leaders.
Some of the region’s countries have already started to take policy actions. In Algeria, for instance, public sector hiring has been frozen. Oman’s 2015 budget includes reduced defence spending. The Bahraini Authorities announced an increase of 11 percent in natural gas prices for industrial users. These are positive steps but a lot more remains to be done.
Scenarios
There is a debate as to whether lower oil prices may actually decrease instead of increase tensions in the Middle East.
The argument is that everyone will be forced to focus their attention on streamlining economic management, leaving less space for military adventures, especially around Saudi and Iran.
Lower prices will also put a premium on cooperation especially within OPEC
The threat to the oil exporting countries in the MENA is not just exogenous. Norway is an important oil producer and exporter yet its economic performance is not at the mercy of movements in oil price.
Serious economic revamping and dedication to implementation is needed for MENA’s economies to join the league of modern states, which require efficiency in their governance and administration, a diverse spread of economic and industrial activity, efficient and sustainable methods of raising revenue and comprehensive policies of public expenditure and provision of public services. This is the recipe for economic stability and prosperity.
Procrastinating will simply lead to further shrinkage and social unrest.
This is the opposite of what the region needs to meet tomorrow’s challenges—or indeed today’s.
This article was originally published by Geopolitical Information Service.