Source: Washington Post
Bookshelves in the United States and Europe are starting to sag under the weight of new volumes analyzing democracy’s troubled state. Their foreboding titles sound a clear alarm, from “How Democracies Die” and “The Road to Unfreedom” to “The Retreat of Western Liberalism” and “The Fate of the West.” Yascha Mounk’s, “The People vs. Democracy,” is an engaging, accessible addition to this stream. For Mounk, a lecturer at Harvard University and a frequent commentator on contemporary politics, the most pressing challenge comes from “the far-right populists who have been gaining strength in every major democracy,” with President Trump “the most striking manifestation of democracy’s crisis.”
Mounk warns that two foundational assumptions of post-World War II global politics are now in question. It no longer appears certain that the established democracies of North America and Europe will always stay democratic. Additionally, rather than forming a seamless whole, liberalism and democracy — the essences of which in Mounk’s account are, respectively, the rule of law and the popular will — are starting to clash seriously with each other.
Concerned as he is about populism, which he characterizes as “democracy without rights,” Mounk stresses that the problem is also “rights without democracy” — the undemocratic liberalism produced by the overreach of unelected institutions such as independent agencies, courts and state bureaucracies, and the increasing isolation of legislators from their constituents.
In Mounk’s account, three big developments are driving the contemporary instability of democracy. First and foremost, slow economic growth and rising inequality have replaced the sustained high growth and moderate inequality that helped root Western democracy in the second half of the 20th century. Second, the recent wave of immigration in most major democracies is prompting a “vast rebellion” against ethnic and cultural pluralism. Third, new communications technologies have removed traditional media filters, empowering previously marginalized illiberal voices and making citizens more aware of the unrepresentative features of their democratic institutions.
The comprehensiveness of Mounk’s analysis of populism’s advance is valuable, helping get beyond narratives that focus on a few especially colorful or nasty political figures or movements. Yet in painting analytically with such broad strokes and bold colors, Mounk sometimes sacrifices nuance. The vision he sets out of populism as a global epidemic overstates the case, for example. Populism is not on the rise in many regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and East Asia, and has recently been on the decline in Latin America. Additionally, the virus of populism in Europe does not appear to be spreading as quickly or dangerously he implies.
Mounk highlights the crumbling of what he calls “democracy’s founding myth”: liberal democracy’s claim to be democratic despite relying heavily on representative institutions that he says were founded in self-conscious opposition to the ideal of democracy. Here too, however, the rapid sweep of his account produces some analytic queasiness. His claims about the growing power of unelected institutions are telling with regard to Europe, especially given the sometimes overweening role of the European Union. But they are a bit strained vis-a-vis the United States. Have U.S. independent agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the Federal Communications Commission, really been putting important policy issues beyond the reach of voters, as he says? What’s most striking about these and other U.S. independent agencies is how closely they hew to the line of whichever president voters put into power.
Similarly, his argument that fewer and fewer national legislators have strong ties to local communities is certainly true for the United States but less so in at least some parts of Europe. Many members of the British Parliament, for example, do maintain such ties.
The relentless focus of “The People vs. Democracy” on populism as the central threat to U.S. democracy leaves out the intense left-right polarization that afflicts our political life and produces problems like gerrymandering, legislative gridlock, fights over electoral integrity vs. electoral access, and the collapse of traditional norms of comity and restraint among politicians. The populism that Trump embodies indeed poses many dangers, but it comes on top of a different, much longer-term pattern of democratic paralysis. Even if the fires of populism cool, the United States will face an ongoing crisis of democratic effectiveness and faith rooted in the country’s crippling and still-growing polarization.
Mounk moves forthrightly from diagnosis to extensive prescription, with a three-part call to action. Economic policy must be reformed to increase living standards and reduce inequality. Democracies need to replace exclusionary nationalism with “inclusive patriotism” that facilitates a greater sense of community among citizens while easing fears about migration. And democracies must renew the faith of their citizens in their own democratic systems.
His specific recommendations for achieving these goals span many crucial issues, from taxation and productivity to housing and social benefits. But they run squarely into obvious political obstacles, as is clear in his admonition that the United States should raise tax rates on high earners and corporations; bolster core elements of the welfare state; and invest more in infrastructure, education and research. More than a few recommendations will make the reader mumble “no doubt” but wonder how exactly they might come about, such as his insistence that U.S. legislators should “desist from blatantly anti-democratic practices like gerrymandering and voter suppression” and, while they’re at it, reduce the role of money in politics and restore truthfulness to political life.
The fact that politically likely solutions to the powerful drivers of democratic discontent are so elusive is less a shortcoming of the book than a reflection of the depth of the troubles at hand. There is room for debate over many parts of the alarming picture that Mounk and other worried political experts are presenting, yet no room for debate that Western democracy is showing greater strain and facing greater threats than at any time in decades.
THE PEOPLE VS. DEMOCRACY
Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It
By Yascha Mounk
Harvard. 393 pp. $29.9
This article was originally published in the Washington Post.