On June 7, the Court of Cassation, Egypt’s highest court, issued a ruling reaffirming the death penalty for six young men from Mansoura who have been in jail since 2014. This is part of a surge in executions over the past few years. Executions increased from 15 in 2014 to 22 in 2015, up to 44 confirmed in 2016—compared to none in 2012-13 and about four per year under Hosni Mubarak. Under Mubarak, most sentences were issued for murder or drug-related charges, and were rarely carried out. However, since the military government came to power in July 2013 most of these death sentences—1284 people between 2014 and 2016, according to Amnesty International, up from 109 in 2013 and about 180 per year under Mubarak—were protesters accused of allegedly forming terrorist cells and subsequently charged with threatening national security. Although these cases vary widely in their circumstances and seriousness, they all involve a violation of the principles and rules of a fair trial.
Most of the cases are based on investigations instigated by Homeland Security—the domestic intelligence agency known before the January 2011 revolution as State Security, which has long been the government’s primary weapon in crushing political opposition. Homeland Security cases are frequently based on confidential sources, which intelligence agents keep hidden even through the final stages of a trial. In most cases, this means death penalties and life sentences are based on sources unknown to anyone but the intelligence agents themselves—not even to the judges.
The case of the “Mansoura Six,” for whom the court reaffirmed the death penalty on June 7, is a telling example. After reviewing the court documents, the Switzerland-based Committee for Justice highlighted eight different types of violations in a damning report on the case. Several of the defendants stated that they had been forcibly disappeared, not officially arrested, and the circumstances and dates of their detentions vary sharply from the official story. In addition, they gave accounts of torture and claimed they were forced to confess. They later retracted these confessions once they were transferred to public prisons, not Homeland Security’s own informal detention centers, where many forcibly disappeared detainees are kept until charges are made, and where torture is more prevalent than in public prisons. The confessions were videotaped beforehand and broadcast by the Ministry of Interior before the prosecutors concluded their investigations. Defendants were not given access to attorneys during interrogations, and the case too relied on confidential sources as the main evidence to the civilian court. These sources were still not disclosed at any point during the trial.
Activists campaigned to stop the execution of the Mansoura defendants based on the lack of a fair trial and gathered over 15,000 signatures on an online petition asking Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to exercise his legal right to commute the death penalty within 14 days of a final ruling, but to no avail. Sisi instead appointed Magdy Abul Ela as president of the Court of Cassation. Abul Ela was the judge who would have presided over the appeal of the Mansoura Six sentences, but notably turned down the defense attorney’s request for it. This in itself was a rare occurrence, as the Court of Cassation since July 2013 had typically agreed to try appeals of death sentences in blatantly politicized cases.
The flaws in the court proceedings in the Mansoura case are illustrative of a disturbingly common pattern for hundreds of similar cases since July 3, 2013, both in civilian and military courts—the latter having been greatly expanded since 2014 to put thousands of civilians on trial. Most of these trials are based on unsupported or minimal evidence. An example is the military trial of the seven alleged bombers of a War College bus in the Kafr el-Sheikh stadium. The Supreme Court of Military Appeals in Cairo reaffirmed the death penalty for the accused on June 19, even though the military investigation admitted that it “had not indentified the incident’s perpetrator, as there were no cameras at the bombing site, and… it was difficult from camera number one to identify the incident’s perpetrators due to the distance and impediments to the line of sight.” Fakih Abdel-Latif, a middle school science teacher in Kafr el-Sheikh, was one of the defendants sentenced to death. The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, an independent NGO, obtained an official statement from the provincial school district stating that he was at school all day long during the attack on April 15, 2015, which contradicts the Tanta military prosecutor, who alleged that Abdel-Latif was present at the scene of the bombing. Likewise, the defendants in the Arab Sharkas case were executed even after local NGOs offered evidence that at least three of the six young defendants were already being held by the Ministry of Interior at the time of the attacks.
In addition to the systematic violations of fair trial standards, there are a number of examples that suggest these death sentences and subsequent executions are politicized and retaliatory. One glaring example is the execution of six young defendants in the Arab Sharkas case on May 17, 2015, the day after an attack on judges in Arish in the northern Sinai. Their families had no prior warning, and the execution was carried out despite a pending appeal, just as an administrative court was in the process of issuing a stay of execution. However, apparently Sisi’s regime was more interested in demonstrating a heavy hand in the wake of the Arish attack. In a similar case, Adel Habara—the alleged mastermind sentenced to death for an August 19, 2013 attack on military conscripts in northern Sinai known in the media as the “Second Rafah Massacre,” in which 25 soldiers were killed—was executed on December 15, 2016, four days after a suicide bomber killed 29 at the St. Peter and St. Paul’s Church in the heart of Cairo. The timing of Sisi’s approval of the pending judicial order for his execution appeared to be part of the government’s reaction, even as the investigation into who was responsible for the church bombing was ongoing.
The disregard of fair trial standards has led to thousands of harsh sentences, including the death penalty. That Homeland Security carries out these investigations instead of the national police force demonstrates that the legal system is more concerned with sending a message of fear and intimidation than with carrying out justice. Egypt had known severe repression under Mubarak, but the justice system had managed to maintain some degree of autonomy and, more importantly, trust. Today, the unlawful trials, the heavy sentences, and the quick executions—at times without informing family members—are all eroding what little trust Egyptians have left in their justice system and government.
This article was translated from Arabic.
Sherif Mohy Eldeen is a researcher on counterterrorism, security studies, and political sociology. Follow him on Twitter @Shereqoo.
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