A Well-Known Pattern of International Trafficking

The roots of irregular migration to Europe are well-known: poverty, bad governance, and conflicts. So too are the regions of origin: West Africa, the Horn of Africa, Afghanistan, and, more recently, Syria and Iraq.

The EU mission to Libya on irregular migration that I led in late 2004 gave a pretty clear image of the situation. A widespread network of intermediaries scouted the entire West African region, literally recruiting candidate migrants, while other operators equipped with satellite phones manned waypoints along the route and adjusted the migrants’ itinerary to dodge controls.

Even at that time, this network had already been documented in detail by the Italian police, including with names of individuals and places, based on thousands of interviews conducted on the Italian island of Lampedusa. Overall, the yearly “income” that traffickers earned in fees on the Libyan route was estimated at €240 million (excluding food, lodging, and transportation).

Yet, the EU did not seriously attempt any intervention with the migrants’ countries of origin, and cooperation was limited to supplying Libyan security forces with new equipment.

This sophisticated trafficking system did not collapse with Libya’s 2011 revolution, it just adapted itself to new realities—and with even greater impunity. In addition, the catastrophic human consequences of the wars in Syria and Iraq have pushed thousands of people (with more money to spend) to seek refuge in the EU.

A True Business Model

In pure economic terms, irregular migration is a simple reality: there is a “demand” from people who are fleeing poverty or conflict and who are ready to spend sums of money that bear no relation to their income or savings. In Africa, families, tribes, or entire villages invest in a candidate migrant, while Syrian families are prepared to spend—or borrow—a lifetime’s worth of savings to escape the horrors of war.

The “supply” of services is no less real: when tens of thousands of migrants are ready to pay between €2,000 and €10,000 per person per trip—while the monthly salary of a border police officer ranges from €200 in Africa to €800 in Turkey—trafficking is a matter of innovative techniques and systemic corruption.

Fishing trawlers are purpose-built by local shipyards in Libya, large inflatable dinghies are smuggled from Tunisia into Libya, and rusty cargo ships are used as one-way transporters from Mersin in Turkey to Otranto in Italy. Recently, traffickers have even trained Syrian migrants on how to steer the overloaded boats and use GPS.

Locally, the mere presence of thousands of candidate migrants waiting in Niger, Libya, Turkey, and Serbia generates businesses in food, lodgings, and cheap labor. At the EU’s borders, sorting out irregular migrants from legitimate asylum seekers has long been a major difficulty.

On the European side, too, there is an economic reality to irregular migration. The most avid users of cheap irregular migrants have traditionally been agricultural estates in southern Italy and industrial small and medium-sized enterprises in Lombardy and Veneto. Some labor market policing there might be in order.

Political Complications

Much as Libya’s former strongman leader Muammar Qaddafi regulated migrants’ departures to Italy, so the self-styled Islamic State, also known as Da’ish, has now threatened to swamp Europe with migrants. In addition, the freedom of circulation within the EU’s passport-free Schengen Area is a powerful magnet for candidate migrants.

The movement and trafficking of migrants may become much bigger issues in 2015–2016 than they have been so far. The Frontex Annual Risk Analysis issued on April 28 leaves no room for complacency: the EU’s border agency forecasts that the numbers of migrants will increase, as will the need for search and rescue operations and for international protection. Associated with uncontrolled migrations is “an underlying threat of terrorism-related travel movements.” And in failed states such as Syria or Libya, who will the EU deal with?

The EU’s Quandary

Faced with massive loss of life at their doorstep, migrant fatigue in Italy, sharp divergences about asylum policies, and worsening conflicts around them, EU leaders have a major crisis on their hands. Yet, they have no miracle cure.

For the first time—and this is a welcome first—the European Commission on May 13 issued a comprehensive proposal to tackle both the internal aspects of migration (irregular migrants, asylum seekers) and the associated external issues (partnerships with countries of origin and transit, destruction of the smugglers’ business model). Discussion of the proposal’s many dimensions has only just begun.

Within the EU, acting together rather than at the national level is a must. Crafting a sensible asylum policy has become a political necessity, while further adjustments to the current arrangements on the freedom of circulation may become unavoidable. On the external front, enhanced cooperation with Serbia, Turkey, Libya, and many countries of origin and transit in Africa is essential if traffickers’ networks are to be defeated.

EU leaders are faced with a multipronged issue that calls for a medium- and long-term solution, not quick fixes. With populist politics on the rise and a British government intent on less EU rather than more, a sensible debate on Europe’s migration crisis will be a daunting task.