Before trying to come to grips with such questions, a clarification is needed first as to what is meant here by “Russia.” Evidently, when Germans answer the question as to whether they consider Russia a trustworthy partner, they are not thinking about Russian friends or acquaintances but the Russian government and its most prominent exponent(s).

So, then, let’s think about German perceptions of Russian leaders, and since Vladimir Putin is on record as having stated that the Soviet Union is Russia only under a different name, one may begin with then Soviet President and party chief Mikhail Gorbachev. In June 1989, Gorbachev received enthusiastic welcomes by huge crowds wherever he went, be it Bonn, Stuttgart or Dortmund. It was just the same in East Berlin, in October of the same year.

That general enthusiasm and goodwill carried over into the Boris Yeltsin era, Germans observing with admiration him standing on a tank in August 1991, bringing down the coup, setting Russia on a path to democracy and a market economy, and meeting the commitment, even ahead of time, of withdrawing the Russian forces from German soil.

In September 2001, President Putin was awarded the rare honor to address the German parliament in Berlin. He received not just warm applause but several standing ovations from members of the government—then a coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Green Party—and deputies from all of the other parliamentary factions.

At that time, German public opinion and attitudes by government officials were by and large congruent. But already a gap was beginning to emerge. While the government was stubbornly treating the German-Russian “strategic partnership” not as a vision but as a fact, and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder was even going as far as calling Putin an “impeccable democrat,” societal perceptions became more attuned to the new realities of an emerging authoritarian and corrupt system. The mass violations of human rights in Chechnya, and the murder of journalists and human rights workers, played a role. Thus, when Putin, in October 2006, visited Dresden, his haunt as KGB operative in 1985-1990, the small crowds were mostly silent. With a view to the journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who had been killed some days before the visit, some even greeted him with shouts of “murderer.”

In the current, often acrimonious, controversies in Germany about how to deal with an increasingly difficult Russia, the adherents of a soft approach and quiet diplomacy put the blame for the deterioration of the Russian image squarely onto the media for having allegedly conducted a relentless “campaign” of, as Gernot Erler, the current German government coordinator of cooperation between German and Russian civil society has called it, “Russia bashing.” I wouldn’t call it that but rather responsible and accurate reporting. Furthermore, it has not only been the media that have been critical of developments in Russia under Putin but also academic specialists at the universities and reputable research institutes, as well as the political foundations operating in Russia.

It is evident that in an authoritarian system, the supreme leader becomes identified with the country. The German public, problematic as this may be, identifies Russia with Putin. Since Putin’s image has deteriorated, that of the country has as well. That may serve in part to explain the reason why the vast majority of Germans think that Russia was not a good choice for the winter Olympics. They see them literally, as Putin’s Spiele games that Putin plays to enhance his and the country’s prestige.

Such perceptions are not improved by public relations gimmicks such as posturing as macho stripped to the waist during Siberian fishing trips, discovering ancient Greek amphorae on the floor of the Black Sea and or hang gliding with the cranes on their migration route to wintering grounds. Such feats may, perhaps, go down well with parts of the Russian public, but among many Germans they are either seen as strange and silly or, worse, unbecoming of a head of state.

President Putin has deplored the deterioration of Russia’s image abroad and told his diplomats to redouble their efforts in order to change that. The state-controlled media, including the TV channel Russia Today (which, judging from its programs, should more accurately be called Evil America Today), are being enlisted for the very same purpose. It is doubtful, however, that more insistent public relations efforts will improve images. What would help would not be more gimmicks and games but serious changes of policy.

Hannes Adomeit was the first international visiting scholar at the Carnegie Moscow Center. He lives in Berlin.