Diplomacy in Crisis, Subnational Diplomacy Evolves

Research

Diplomacy in Crisis, Subnational Diplomacy Evolves

For practitioners of subnational diplomacy, 2025 has required quick adaptation and evolution to tectonic shifts.

By Marissa Jordan and Ian Klaus

Published on Dec 15, 2025

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About the Authors

Marissa Jordan

Program Manager, Carnegie California

Marissa Jordan is the program manager of Carnegie California at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. She has a master’s degree in conflict analysis and resolution from the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution at George Mason University. Her previous research has focused on how anti–human trafficking service providers understand climate change’s role in driving human trafficking in their particular regions.

Ian Klaus

Founding Director, Carnegie California

Ian Klaus is the founding director of Carnegie California. He is a leading scholar on the nexus of urbanization, geopolitics, and global challenges, with extensive experience as a practitioner of subnational diplomacy.

Subnational Affairs Foreign Policy

Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.

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