What does such resolve and unanimity signify? In a way, the latest terrorist attacks have served as a pretext for Europeans to express their sentiments on the growth of Muslim immigration and the increase in radical views among the immigrants, as well as the attempts by Muslims to force Europeans to adhere to Islamic prescriptions and prohibitions. The rapid growth of Islamic radicalism in the Middle East, which reverberates around the globe, has played a role. Putting political correctness aside for a second, one could say that people were spurred to action by discontent with, and fear of, Islam.

This reaction from Europeans should make a strong impression on Muslims. Most of them also oppose extremism, which disrupts the normal course of their lives, exacerbates difficulties adapting to European realities, and creates an air of intolerance. Islam is being increasingly judged based on the actions of religious extremists. Acts of terrorism similar to the ones in Paris tend to isolate Muslims from the rest of society.

One of the difficulties facing the Muslim community is adjusting to the culture of their new home. Unfortunately, the record reflects the fact that an optimal model for the painless existence of Muslims in an alien cultural and religious environment has not yet been found and is unlikely to appear in the near future. Assimilation is all but impossible; it is evident that adaptation has been very problematic, and multiculturalism, in which many put a lot of stock, has effectively failed. In essence, Europe is dealing with a conflict of identities, which continues to increase.

The controversy surrounding cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad represents a clear and dangerous illustration of this development. It is highly unlikely that a compromise on this particular subject will ever be reached. The fact that many media outlets reprinted the cartoons as a token of solidarity with their fallen colleagues can be interpreted as a display of their commitment to freedom of expression even at risk to their lives, but it is also a challenge to Muslims, a provocation.

In this context, Russia’s position is quite interesting. On the one hand, the Kremlin unequivocally condemned the terrorist attacks—in fact, nothing short of that could have been expected. On the other hand, the Russian foreign minister rather than the president represented the country at the anti-terrorism rally (the Ukrainian impasse played a role here). In a sense, the Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov, who effectively dons the hat of a federal-level politician, has expressed Moscow’s views on events in France with his condemnation of the Mohammad cartoons. The official Russian propaganda machine has frequently assailed the Western media and Western society as a whole for its “excessive freedoms” that lead to “total permissiveness.” In fact, in this, Russian and Islamic ideologues find themselves in agreement.