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At Carnegie's 2005 International Nonproliferation Conference, Pierre Goldschmidt discusses a mechanism that he says could form the basis of a guaranteed fuel supply concept to deal particularly with cases in which a state is found in non-compliance with its IAEA safeguards agreement while ensuring against the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
Moscow’s actual nuclear decisions would likely not involve Putin carefully parsing doctrinal clauses.
The best option already has a successful playbook from 2013.
For too long, the EU focused on Iran’s nuclear program while mostly ignoring its malign regional activities and missile program. As the consequences of both hit closer to home, the union must pursue a new strategy focused on containing Iran’s regime, supporting Iranian civil society, and engaging with Gulf states.
The danger of these weapons isn’t just that Moscow might actually use them. It’s that Washington knows Moscow might actually use them.
