Paper
In the Philippines, Duterte-era discourse emphasizing sovereignty, anti-Western skepticism, and strongman diplomacy mirrors tenets of populist foreign policy around the world.
Aries A. Arugay
Research
City Diplomacy in Response to Multiple Crises: The 2024 Cities and International Engagement Survey
Amidst a globalized and highly interconnected landscape of urban governance, city diplomacy has emerged as an increasingly critical avenue for cities to access the knowledge, best practices, investment, and materials necessary to support their residents through challenging times.
By Daniel Pejic, Samuel Kling, Amelia Leavesley, Ian Klaus, Ika Trijsburg, Anna Kosovac, Michele Acuto
Published on Mar 21, 2025
About the Authors
Daniel Pejic
Samuel Kling
Amelia Leavesley
Ian Klaus
Founding Director, Carnegie California
Ian Klaus is the founding director of Carnegie California. He is a leading scholar on the nexus of urbanization, geopolitics, and global challenges, with extensive experience as a practitioner of subnational diplomacy.
Ika Trijsburg
Anna Kosovac
Michele Acuto
Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.
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