Program
American Statecraft
Debating NATO Enlargement

Two scholars debate the wisdom of enlarging NATO after the Cold War, the extent to which Western policy played a role in bringing about Russia’s war in Ukraine, and how the United States should pursue its interests in Europe going forward.

As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine continues, the United States is grappling with how to sustain Kyiv and eventually re-establish security in Europe. Should Ukraine join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)? To what extent has enlarging NATO promoted or damaged U.S. interests since the Cold War ended? Should the United States double down on its commitment to European security and provide more forces to face down a hostile and aggressive Russia? Or should it instead seek ways to bring the temperature down while shifting European defense burdens to its allies?

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More From the American Statecraft Program

There is an urgent need for a more disciplined U.S. foreign policy that is clear-eyed about a more competitive world, realistic about the limits of American power, and aligned with domestic renewal. The Carnegie American Statecraft Program examines America’s role in the world and recommends policy ideas to help meet this need.

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How Strong Are U.S. Interests in Defending Countries Across Europe?

This vital question looms large in Washington partly because it was not squarely debated during NATO’s enlargement.

· March 19, 2024
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No Choice but Containment

So long as imperialism guides Kremlin policy, the West’s response has to be some version of containment.

  • James Goldgeier
· November 30, 2023
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What Washington Got Wrong About NATO Expansion in the 1990s

The United States engaged Russia on secondary matters while antagonizing it on vital issues.

  • Joshua Shifrinson
· October 16, 2023
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Nothing Seems to Deter Russian Aggression Like NATO Membership

But if Ukraine joins the alliance, NATO will have to engage in serious military planning in ways it did not for the Baltic states.

  • James Goldgeier
· August 17, 2023
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The Crucial Question Surrounding Ukraine’s NATO Admission

Advocating for Kyiv’s membership doesn’t make sense without addressing Article V guarantee credibility.

  • Joshua Shifrinson
· August 9, 2023
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NATO Enlargement Didn’t Cause Russia’s Aggression

But Russian aggression was the impetus for the new membership bids.

  • James Goldgeier
· July 31, 2023
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Why NATO Should Be Cautious About Admitting Ukraine

Members’ interests don’t outweigh the risks.

  • Joshua Shifrinson
· July 24, 2023
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Why NATO Should Accept Ukraine

Ukrainian membership in the security alliance is the only basis for a more stable relationship with Russia.

  • James Goldgeier
· July 13, 2023