Source: Carnegie
Reprinted with permission from the International Herald Tribune, Monday, May 27, 2002
WASHINGTON: The Bush administration is making a noble effort to pull together the fraying alliance, but Europeans and Americans no longer share a common view of the world. On the all-important question of power - the utility of power, the morality of power - they have parted ways.
Europeans believe they are moving beyond power into a self-contained world of laws and rules and transnational negotiation and cooperation. Europe itself has entered a post-historical paradise, the realization of Immanuel Kant's "perpetual peace."
The United States remains mired in history, exercising power in the anarchic Hobbesian world where international rules are unreliable and where security and the promotion of a liberal order still depend on the possession and use of military might.
Europe's relative weakness has produced an aversion to force as a tool of international relations. Europeans today, like Americans 200 years ago, seek a world where strength doesn't matter so much, where unilateral action by powerful nations is forbidden, where all nations regardless of their strength are protected by commonly agreed rules of behavior.
Europe's relatively pacific strategic culture is also the product of its warlike past. The European Union is a monument to rejection of the old power politics. Who knows the dangers of Machtpolitik better than a French or German citizen?
As the British diplomat Robert Cooper recently noted, Europe today lives in a "postmodern system" that does not rest on a balance of power but on "rejection of force" and on "self-enforced rules of behavior." Raison d'état has been "replaced by a moral consciousness."
Now Europeans have become evangelists for their "postmodern" gospel of international relations. The application of the European miracle to the rest of the world has become Europe's new mission civilisatrice.
This has put Europeans and Americans on a collision course. Americans have not lived the European miracle. They have no experience of promoting ideals and order successfully without power. Their memory of the past 50 years is of a Cold War strug-gle that was eventually won by strength and determination, not by the spontaneous triumph of "moral consciousness."
The irony is that this trans-Atlantic disagreement is the fruit of successful trans-Atlantic policies. As Joschka Fischer and other Europeans admit, the United States made the new Europe possible by leading the democracies to victory in World War II and the Cold War and by providing the solution to the age-old "German problem."
Even today, Europe's rejection of power politics ultimately depends on America's willingness to use force around the world against those who still do believe in power politics. Europe's Kantian order depends on the United States using power according to the old Hobbesian rules.
Most Europeans don't acknowledge the great paradox: that their passage into post-history has depended on the United States not making the same passage. Instead, they have come to view the United States simply as a rogue colossus.
This is not just a family quarrel. If Americans and Europeans no longer agree on the utility and morality of power, what remains to undergird their military alliance? There is no sure cure for this trans-Atlantic divergence. Whatever else we do, let's stop pretending that we agree. That pretense has done little for the alliance since the end of the Cold War except create more confusion, misunderstanding and anger.
This comment has been excerpted from longer articles in The Washington Post and the June/July issue of Policy Review.